• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.126-130
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• 2004

This study was carred out to get the basic conditions for the mycelial growth of Morchella esculenta in shaking flask culture. The optimal temperature and initial pH of mycelial growth of Morchella escuzenta were 25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ and 6.5, respectively. The optimal medium was BG medium. Among the carbon sources tested, fructose was favorable for the mycelial growth and optimal fructose concentration was 5.0% (w/v). As nitrogen sources, peptone and NH$_4$Cl appeared to be favorable and optimal concentration was 4.0% [(w/v), ratio of 1:1].

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2020

Eight morel mushroom species were collected from Korea and other countries. The culture characteristics, genetic relationships, and beta-glucan content of the strains were analyzed. The mycelia of Morchella species exhibited optimal growth when cultured in dark at 25 ℃ in media with pH 7. The mycelia had a distinctive mycelial scent and characteristically changed color, being white initially, and then turning dark yellow to dark brown as it grew. The mycelia were classified into five types based on morphology. The isolates were identified as Morchella conica, two M. sextelata, M. importuna, M. esculenta, and three M. crassipes, based on ITS-rDNA sequences. PCR polymorphisms were variably produced within Morchella spp. using Universal Fungal Fingerprinting Primers (UFPF) and classified into four groups at the intra and inter species level. The strains, KMCC04971 and KMCC04407, showed the same banding pattern as M. conica and M. sextelata, respectively; however, these results were different from those of ITS analysis. Glucan content analysis by strain showed that the KMCC 04973 strain of M. importuna had the highest alpha- and beta-glucan content, at 16.4 g and 33.1 g per 100 g, respectively.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2017

Turkey has a very rich fungal flora due to its phytogeographical position. The screening of chemical content and active substances of mushrooms becomes an important subject not only for Turkey but also for all over the world. In the last decade, Analyses on phytochemical and biological activity of fungi have gradually increased as a result of improvement in the number and quality of facilities. In the scope of the present research, four medicinal mushrooms; Morchella elata, Lactarius volemus, Cantharellus cibarius and Tricholoma terreum were analyzed for their fatty acid compositions and antioxidant capacities. The fungal species have been found with unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of 6.73 for Morchella elata, 4.12 for Lactarius volemus, 5.21 for Cantharellus cibarius, 3.73 for Tricholama terrum. In addition, the concentration of malondialdehyde which was an indicator of lipid peroxidation was also determined in these species. According to the results, free radical scavenging activity of Morchella elata and Lactarius volemus were found higher than the other species. Any of the mushroom species investigated were found having very high metal chelating activity. The results showed that the extract of Morchella elata and Lactarius volemus exhibited significant antioxidant activities. Hence, the mushrooms have a potential to be a natural antioxidant in food industries as antioxidant agent.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.421-433
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• 2021

Morchella is a genus of fungi with the ability to concentrate Cd both in the fruit-body and mycelium. However, the molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to Cd stress in Morchella are unknown. Here, RNA-based transcriptomic sequencing was used to identify the genes and pathways involved in Cd tolerance in Morchella spongiola. 7444 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by cultivating M. spongiola in media containing 0.15, 0.90, or 1.50 mg/L Cd²⁺. The DEGs were divided into six sub-clusters based on their global expression profiles. GO enrichment analysis indicated that numerous DEGs were associated with catalytic activity, cell cycle control, and the ribosome. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the main pathways under Cd stress were MAPK signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, and propanoate metabolism. In addition, several DEGs encoding ion transporters, enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidants, and transcription factors were identified. Based on these results, a preliminary gene regulatory network was firstly proposed to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of Cd detoxification in M. spongiola. These results provide valuable insights into the Cd tolerance mechanism of M. spongiola and constitute a robust foundation for further studies on detoxification mechanisms in macrofungi that could potentially lead to the development of new and improved fungal bioremediation strategies.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2021

Morels (Morchella spp.) are valuable medicinal and edible mushrooms. In this study, chemical profiles of aromas and lipophilic extracts of black morel (Morchella importuna) grown in China were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, along with the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities for the lipophilic extracts. Sixty-five compounds in total were identified from the aromas, and 1-octen-3-ol was the main component for aromas of fresh (34.40%) and freeze-dried (68.61%) black morels, while the most abundant compound for the aroma of the oven-dried sample was 2(5H)-furanone (13.95%). From the lipophilic extracts, 29 compounds were identified with linoleic acid as the main compound for fresh (77.37%) and freeze-dried (56.46%) black morels and steroids (92.41%) as the main constituent for an oven-dried sample. All three lipophilic extracts showed moderate antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) with the IC50 values ranging 7.56~17.52 mg/mL and 5.75~9.73 mg/mL, respectively, and no obvious antimicrobial activity was observed for lipophilic extracts. The drying methods affect the chemical profile of black morel, and freeze-drying was favorable for retaining nutrients and morel smell. This is the first report on the aroma and lipophilic extracts of M. importuna grown in China.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2015

In this study, among the wild mushrooms collected on Jeju Island for the recently 9 years, 5 species are newly reported to Korea. They are identified as Ramariopsis subtilis, Coltriciella pusilla, Lactifluus ochrogalactus, Microstoma insititium and Morchella semilibera based on macromorphological and microscopic observation. In addition, Lactifluus ochrogalactus and Microstoma insititia were re-identified by analysis of internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.121-121
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• 2003

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2180-2189
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• 2017

Psychrophilic phytases suitable for aquaculture are rare. In this study, a phytase of the histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) family was identified in Morchella importuna, a psychrophilic mushroom. The phytase showed 38% identity with Aspergillus niger PhyB, which was the closest hit. The M. importuna phytase was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized. The phytase had an optimum temperature at $25^{\circ}C$, which is the lowest among all the known phytases to our best knowledge. The optimum pH (6.5) is higher than most of the known HAP phytases, which is fit for the weak acidic condition in fish gut. At the optimum pH and temperature, MiPhyA showed the maximum activity level ($2,384.6{\pm}90.4{\mu}mol{\cdot}min^{-1}{\cdot}mg^{-1}$, suggesting that the enzyme possesses a higher activity level over many known phytases at low temperatures. The phytate-degrading efficacy was tested on three common feed materials (soybean meal/rapeseed meal/corn meal) and was compared with the well-known phytases of Escherichia coli and A. niger. When using the same amount of activity units, MiPhyA could yield at least $3{\times}$ more inorganic phosphate than the two reference phytases. When using the same weight of protein, MiPhyA could yield at least $5{\times}$ more inorganic phosphate than the other two. Since it could degrade phytate in feed materials efficiently under low temperature and weak acidic conditions, which are common for aquacultural application, MiPhyA might be a promising candidate as a feed additive enzyme.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analysis the composition of fruit body of Morchella esculenta (MEF) to determine the possibility of medical and edible use. The nutritional compositions of MEF were as follows ; The contnt (g%) of crude fat, carbohydrate, crude protein were 3.8, 43.5 and 29.7, respectively. Potassium concentration in MEF was high up to 3558.0 mg% and Ca, Mg, Fe, Na and Zn were followed. There were 23 amino acids in MEF The content of glutamic acid was high up to 1433.0 mg% and leucine, alanine, arginine valine and theronine were followed. Since MEF contains 25 free amino acids, it will be a favorable food stuff. The content of Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1$, , Vitamin$B_2$, Vitamin $B_6$, Vitamin C, Vitamin $BD_3$, Vitamin E and Vitamin $K_1$, were 2.23 $\mug%$, 0.13 mg%, 0.07 mg%, 0.27 mg%, 0.17 mg%, 52.27 $\mug%$, 5.26 mg% and 3.23 $\mug%$, respectively. MEF will have a good anti-aging effect due to content of Vitamin C and Vitamin E.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2014

The importance of utilizing biological resources has become magnified and it has been a big issue to share the benefit among nations as Nagoya Protocol began in 2010. This study was conducted to research the diversity and distribution of wild mushrooms, and to survey the traditional mushroom knowledge of the people in Jejudo which is a volcanic island having a distinctive climate and forest environment. The research sites were Dongbaekdongsan, Keuneonggot, Hallasan National Park, Muryeongarioreum, Saryeonisupgil and other important area where mushrooms are growing spontainously in Jejudo. A total of 511 species comprising 2 phylums, 8 classes, 20 orders and 74 genera were identified from 1600 specimens collected from 2006 to 2012. In previous studies, a total of 561 species comprising 69 families and 99 genera were investigated. As a result, a total of 755 species comprising 23 orders, 87 families and 263 genera were documented in Jejudo. In this study, 137 species were newly identified as unrecorded species in Jejudo and 9 species, Amanita gemmata, Tricholoma aurantiipes, Panellus violaceofulvus, Leucopaxillus septentrionalis, Bondarzewia montana, Psilocybe argentipes, Boedijnopeziza insititia, Sarcoscypha occidentalis for. occidentalis and Morchella patula var. semilibera were the first record for Korea. Also, 7 species, Amanita gemmata, Tricoloma aurantiipes, Panellus violaceofulvus, Leucopaxillus septentrionalis, Boedijnopeziza insititia, Sarcoscypha occidentalis for. occidentalis and Morchella patula var. semilibera were known as only growing in Jejudo. The traditional knowledge was collected from visiting and questionnaire survey in 50 villages in Jejudo. A total of 23 mushrooms were found in which 12 species were used for food, 2 species were poisonous, 6 species were medicinal, 2 species were used for folk religion and 3 species were used for play purposes. Macrolepiota procera was the most commonly used as an edible mushroom and Chlorophyllum neomastoidea was the most well known poisonous mushroom. Also, 267 cases of traditional knowledge about using mushrooms as a food and medicine were collected. This study has significance for supplementing previous studies about distribution of wild mushrooms in Jejudo and documenting unrecorded species in Korea. Also, it is valuable by providing important data of traditional knowledge for using mushrooms since old times.