• 영어어문교육
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.211-226
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• 2006

This paper examines the crisis of the protagonist's Jewish identity in Philip Roth's Portnoy's Complaint. Jewish values are centered on the philosophy of Judaism and Jewish history. Judaism is based on an ethical monotheism which is Bible-centered. It is characterized by its covenant with God, its humanism, and its emphasis on moral action. It provides essential reasons for man's existence and stresses human confidence and sufficiency. Jewish values can be found in words such as "good," "humanity," "dignity," "responsibility," and "sense of community." These positive Jewish values pervade Philip Roth's fiction paradoxically. Throughout especially Portnoy's Complaint, the protagonist fails to embrace Jewish values in contrast to Bellow or Malamud's heroes and repeat the same mistakes eliciting fits of laughter from readers. The protagonist suffers from his strongly-felt ethical and altruistic impulses perpetually warring with his extreme sexual longings against which he struggles. His desperation grows as he finds himself unable to channel his dissatisfaction and change his situations. His dominating mother and his confusion over Jewishness and Americanism are the main obstacles to his establishment of self-identity. He attempts to build up his gender identity and Jewish identity through his ego-centric sexual relationship with shikses(female gentiles). His inability to embody Jewish values leads to the failure to fulfill his identity. Roth paradoxically shows that the protagonist's realization of Jewishness is essential to the cure for his fragmented self.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.33-51
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• 2016

The hotel industry needs to make the competitive advantage difficult to be imitated in order to remain sustainable in competitive business circumstances. Front-line employees' service-oriented citizenship behaviors(OCBs) can be such a strength from the perspective of organizational system. With an aim of investigating the antecedents of the hotel front-line employees' service-oriented OCBs, this study proposed a theoretical framework linking authentic leadership to service-oriented OCBs with goal commitment as a mediator. A total of 260 cases without missing values have been used for the final analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed using the SPSS and AMOS 7. It was first found that self-awareness and relational transparency of authentic leadership made a significant impact on their goal commitment while balanced processing and moral perspective failed to influence them. Second. goal commitment influenced all sub-factors of service-oriented OCBs. Third, moral perspective and relational transparency of authentic leadership significantly influenced service-oriented OCBs while self-awareness and relational transparency failed to make it. Finally, goal commitment significantly makes an intervening effect for the relationship between self-awareness & service-oriented OCBs and relational transparency & service-oriented OCBs but failed to intervene the other relationships. The results provide theoretical and practical implications regarding directions of leadership styles and HR management in the hotel industry and suggestions for the further extended studies.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

1. Objects of Research This research is purposed to find role and treatment mind of Sasang constitutional medicine in human genome age, through summarizing recognition of human and etiology. treatment on diseases proposed in Sasang constitutional medicine 2. Methods of Research It was researched as bibliologically with Dong-mu's chief medical writings such as ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Soose Bowon(東醫壽世保元)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷${\lrcorner}$. 3. Results and Conclusions 1. The outlook on human of Sasang Constitutional Medicine was completed in the base on Confusianism and it recognized that human is consisted with congenital element based on 'Human nature-shape' and acquired element based on Knowledge-Acting. Dong-mu emphasised acquired element than inborn element. 2. Sasang Constitutional Medicine is thought that we ran overcome inborn limitation of each constitution through moral culture of aposteriori Knowledge-Acting. and that self-correction is methods which is applied to treatment of disease recovering Essential Qi of each constitution with moral culture of personality 3. Sasang Constitutional Medicine is recognizing Essential Qi by main standard that foretell prognosis of disease and emphasize recovery of Essential Qi through self-correction than way of 'Assisting-Good Qi' and 'Removig-Bad Qi' in treatment of disease. 4. Self-correction can be divided into non-herbal self-correction and herbal self-correction. Non-herbal self-correction is to control greed by aposteriori Knowledge-Acting and herbal self-correction is to recover Essential Qi by herb. 5. It is thought that the present constitutional disease is consisted by accumulating life habit nature of a disease of ordinary times, and Sasang Constitutional Medicine that present constitutional disease is treated through administration of life habit nature of a disease of ordinary times in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 6. Treatment mind to correct oneself into Golden Mean through controlling Knowledge-Acting in Sasang Constitutional Medicine may get into important treatment guide of gene medicine age.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.268-284
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• 1995

This study was designed to test effects of nursing ethics education (NEE) on moral reasoning and ethical decision making of subjects. This NEE that was teached for 10 hours course was composed of these : Nurses' ethical code, moral responsibility, Moral value and professional accountability, Respect for human life, General ethics, Theory and Norms of biomedical ethics, Ethical decision making model and Discussion about hypothetical ethical dilemmas Twenty-five senior student nurses were sampled from four year college of nursing from Nov. 3rd, 1993 to Nov. 24th, 1993. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires included two kinds of tests. Rest's Defining Issues Test was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2 (instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3 (interpersonal concordance), the stage 4 (law and order), the stage 5A (societal consensus), and the stage 5B (intuitional humanism), the stage 6 (universal ethical practice). In particular, the level of principled thinking (P) was measured by summing these scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is 0 to 95. As for measuring the levels of morality and nursing dilemma, Crisham's Nursing Dilemma Test was adopted. This test generated the morality score(MS) and the dilemma score (DS). The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mc Nemar's test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows ; 1. For the Moral Reasoning both before and after NEE, The Mean score of the stage 5A was significantly higher than that of other stages.(P=0.0001) Before NEE, the mean score of the stage 4 was significantly different from stage 2, 3, 5A, and after NEE, different from stage 2, 5B,6. 2. The analysis of change of moral development level revealed that the score of stage 4 increased after NEE.(P=0.0004) 3. The Effect of NEE for the mean score of 5A, 6, P after education was significantly different by birth place. 4. With regard to the five dilemmas postulated such as forcing medication performing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, reporting a medication error, informing diagnosis to terminally ill adult, and providing new-nurse orientation, the mean score of the MS and the DS was no significant difference with general characteristics of the students. Effect of NEE morality score and dilemma score after education was no significant difference. 5. As for the correlations between moral reasoning and decision making, the score of the stage 2, 5A, 6, DS was positively correlated with the scores of before and after. Positive correlation was also observed between the scores of stage 2 and stage 4, stage 3 and 6. On the other hand, the score of P was negatively correlated with the scores of stage 2 and of stage 4 and of stage 5A. The score of the stage 5A was also negatively correlated with the score of the sge 6.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.5-21
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• 1995

This study purports to investigate moral reasoning and ethical decision making among student nurses in the hypothetical moral dilemmas. The subjects consisted of 25 senior nursing students attending at a four-year college. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires in November, 1993. The questionnaires included two kinds of tests. Rest's Defining Issues Test was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2 (instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3 (interpersonal concordance), the stage 4 (law and order), the stage 5A (societal consensus), and the stage 5B (intuitional humanism). In particular, the level of principled thinking (P) was measured by summing those scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is 0 to 95. As for measuring the levels of morality and nursing dilemma, Crisham's Nursing Dilemma Test was adopted. This test generated the morality score(MS) and the dilemma score (DS). The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The findings are following. 1. The mean score of P was 52.93 (SD=12.82). The mean score of the stage 5A was significantly higher than the scores of other stages (17.92, p=.0001). 2. The mean score of P was not significantly different by general characteristics of the students. Of the scores of each stage, only the mean score of the stage 3 revealed significant difference by the status of living with parents(p=.0283). The score was highest when "living with both parents"(15.22), which was followed by "living with no parents"(10.0), "living with father only"(9.0), and "living with mother only"(7.50). 3. With regard to the five dilemmas postulated such as forcing medication, performing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, reporting a medication error, informing diagnosis to terminally ill adult, and providing new-nurse orientation, most students perceived them as moral dilemma rather than nonmoral one. Most students made a positive decision according to moral reasoning in the above situations except for providing new-nurse orientation. 4. The mean score of the MS was 3.30 and that of the DS was 3.32. These scores did not show significant difference with general characteristics of the students. 5. As for the correlations between moral reasoning and decision making, the score of the stage 5A was positively correlated with the scores of P(.74, p<.0001) and DS(.56, p<.001). Positive correlation was also observed between the scores of stage 2 and stage 4(.68, p<.0001). On the other hand, the score of P was negatively correlated with the scores of stage 3(-.47, p<.05) and of stage 4(-.55, p<.001). The score of the stage 5A was also negatively correlated with the score of the stage 6(-.42, p<.05).

• 한국철학논집
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• 제29호
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• pp.179-202
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• 2010

일상에서 효 윤리의 강조와 그 연장선상에서 조상숭배의식이 강했던 유가에서 부모에 대한 효의 의미는 더욱 각별했다. 이 논문에서는 유가에서 강조해오던 효의 의미를 단절 없는 이어짐의 연속적 사유의 작동기제라는 측면에서, 특히 그 기반으로 농경문화와 긴밀히 연관되면서 더욱 진작되었다는 점에 주목하고자 한다. 쉽게 옮길 수 없는 정착적 생활은 상대적으로 친밀감을 형성했고 부모에 대한 효는 그러한 정감의 현실적 표출이었다. 그러나 유가에서의 효는 부모에 대한 물질적 정신적 봉양을 넘어 제사를 통해 앞선 조상으로, 다시 자손을 통해 무한히 후대로 이어진다는 관점에서 독특한 문화를 형성하였다. 삶과 죽음을 관통하는 기점에 효를 설정한 유가의 인식에서 볼 때, 현존하는 나의 존재는 더 이상 단절된 내가 아니었던 것이다. 그러나 혈연적 유대감에 기초한 효가 가족주의에 차원에 그치지 않고 타자에 대한 배려의 정신으로 확장가능하다는 점에서 유가의 또 다른 특징을 찾을 수 있다. 농경을 통한 오랜 경험과 지혜는 순환하면서 연계된다는 자연에 대한 통찰력을 낳았다. 이는 호수에 던져진 돌멩이가 동심원 모양의 파장으로 외연을 넓혀가듯이 부모에 대한 친밀한 정감을 보편적 인간애로 확충하는 관계망을 형성하였다. 효를 통해 삶과 죽음을 관통하는 통시적 사유와 주변의 모든 관계를 연계시키려는 맞물림의 정점에서 자신의 도덕적 수양을 강조했던 것이다. 이처럼 유가에서 효란 삶과 죽음을 관통하고 나와 타자를 연계시키는 도덕 주체의 정립에서 중요한 매개고리였다. 그 속에는 시공간을 관통하여 바람직한 인간다움의 전형을 모색하는 유가의 연속적 사유가 내재되어 있다. 아울러 그러한 연속의 의미에는 나와 타자의 바람직한 관계를 통해 자연과 인간의 소통[天人合一]을 지향하는 유가철학의 주요 개념을 함축한다.

• 철학연구
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• 제148권
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• pp.357-377
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• 2018

이 논문은, 외부 세계와 관계를 맺고 살아가는 터라, 사람이란 이미 완성된 어떤 존재가 아니라, 지금도 만들어지는 중이다, 라는 결론을 내린다. 이 결론에 이르기까지 다음 네 단계를 거친다. 첫째, 인간이 오로지 이성 존재일 수 있는가를 묻는다. 칸트처럼 인간을 '선의지'를 가진 도덕 행위자로만 묘사하는 것은 왜곡된 자화상처럼 여겨진다. 둘째, 오로지 '선의지'만을 발휘하여 보편 도덕법칙을 따를 수 있는가를 묻는다. 현실에서 보편 도덕법칙을 따르기가 불가한 것은, 도덕 행위자가 끊임없이 변화하는 외부 상황을 배제할 수 없는 처지이기 때문이다. 그럼에도 이성 명령에 따라 보편 도덕법칙을 지키라는 요구는 인간에게 지워진 '불운한 유산'이다. 셋째, 인간에게 '불운한 유산'이 지워진 것은, 마음과 몸을 '안'과 '밖'으로 나누는 이원론 때문임을 밝힌다. 이성 명령이란 '안'을 '밖'으로부터 지키라는 요구로서, 외부 환경에 민감한 감성을 일체 배제하라는 명령이다. 넷째, 삶이란 본래 '안'과 '밖'이 서로 상호작용하는 과정이다. 그렇다면 이성과 감성은 서로 분리될 수 없으며, 이성만으로는 살아가는 인간은 무기력할 따름이다. 결론은, 인간은 이성 아니면 감성 어느 한 극단으로 살지 않는다는 것이다. 인간은 '이성 존재'로 이미 완성된 어떤 자아가 결코 아니다. '인간적 동물'은 외부 세계와 상호작용으로 '만들어지는 자아'일 따름이다.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제29호
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• pp.375-396
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• 2010

본 연구는 사회·정서적 학습 이론(the social and emotional learning, SEL)에 근거를 두고 초등 도덕교육의 목표인 초등학생들의 "바르고 선한 인성(character)"을 어떻게 하면 보다 효과적으로 함양할 것인가? 의 물음에 답하기 위해, 사회·정서적 능력 중에서도 특히 사회적 인식(social awareness) 및 대인 관계 기술(relationship skill) 함양에 초점을 두고 탐구하였다. 본 연구가 SEL에 토대를 두고자 하는 이유는 초등학생들의 도덕성 발달이란 도덕적 지식(앎)의 발달만으로 가능하지 않고, 도덕적 지식을 행동으로 옮기는데 있어 중요한 가교의 역할(예를 들면, 자동차가 움직이기 위해 연료가 필수적이듯이 일종의 도덕적 에너지의 역할)을 하고 있는 사회·정서적 능력의 발달이 병행될 때 가능한 바, 그동안 우리나라 도덕교육에서는 이러한 사회·정서적 능력 혹은 도덕적 감정의 필요성에 대해 강조하면서도 이를 어떻게 하면 효과적으로 교육할 것인가에 대해 구체적인 실천 방안 마련이 미흡하였기 때문이다. 초등학생들의 사회 인식 및 대인 관계 능력 함양의 모색은 도덕과 수업을 통한 방안과 도덕과 수업 이외의 활동을 통한 방안을 중심으로 구안하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 진성리더십의 하위 구성요인과 조직시민행동, 직무성과 간의 영향 관계를 살펴봄으로써 진성리더십 개발에 관한 시사점을 제시하는데 있다. 국내 다양한 기업에 종사하는 구성원 448명을 대상으로 실증 분석을 하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 첫째, 진성리더십에서 상사의 자아인식은 조직시민행동 및 직무성과에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 내면화된 도덕관점은 조직시민행동 및 직무성과에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 관계적 투명성은 조직시민행동에 정(+)적인 영향을 미쳤으나 직무성과에는 유의미한 영향 관계를 보이지 못했다. 넷째, 균형잡힌 정보처리는 조직시민행동 및 직무성과에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과가 함의하는 바는 진성리더십이 구성원들의 조직시민행동과 직무성과를 향상시키기 위해서는 상사의 내면화된 도덕관점과 관계적 투명성에 대한 고려가 필요하다는 점에서 그 의미를 둘 수 있다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.497-507
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• 2021

The objective of the current research study is to examine those elements/factors that can reduce silence so that organizations can become more efficient, innovative, and adaptable by sharing knowledge and work-related problems. The purpose behind conducting this research was to explore the effects of emotional intelligence on silent behavior. The study also focuses on other individual negative aspects that can increase counterproductive behavior like silence and examines the effects of emotional intelligence on silence through moral disengagement. Data was collected from 400 employees using stratified sampling to ensure adequate representation of males and females. Data was collected from nurses and young doctors using the adopted measurement scale through a self-administered questionnaire. Since the sample included nursing staff and they usually are not well versed in English, the instrument was translated into Urdu. Data were analyzed using SEM to assess the direct and indirect effects of EI on employee silence. The result indicates that emotional intelligence has a positive impact on employee silence and moral disengagement. In contradiction to theory, the findings suggest that people with high emotional intelligence tend to get morally disengaged. As a result, they will remain silent and withhold information regarding work-related issues and problems.