• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2009

The change of strength and water vapour diffusion resistant by soluble salts was investigated in the tuff and granite used in many stone monuments of Gyeongju area. With $Na_2SO_4$ and $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ were treated the rock samples to understand the difference of solubility. The densities of the tested rocks were increased by the impregnation of $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and $Na_2SO_4$. The flexural strength was increased in the tuff samples but decreased in the granite as the salts increased in the pore. In the tuff, the uniaxial compressive strength was increased by $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$, but decreased by $Na_2SO_4$. In the granite, it was decreased slightly by $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$, but increased by $Na_2SO_4$. The water vapour diffusion resistant was increased by the salts in both rocks. As results, it was cleared that the mechanical strength colud be increased in early stage of weathering by the accumulation of salt and water vapour diffusion resistant.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.508-523
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• 2017

This study monitored the changes before and after restoration of ecological stream focusing on the places which are applied Sustainable Structured wetland Biotop (SSB) system and ecological Fish-way for restoration of Maeno stream. A total of 11 species and 191 individuals of fishes were founded out which were not verified inhabitation before restoration at SSB wetlands. Especially, it was could identified that micro habitat and healthy Fish-way was created because the restored target species, Microphysogobio yaluensis and Iksookimia koreensis were identified that habitation was monitored in SSB wetland. Amphibian have been restored to a number of Rana nigromaculata found in and around wetlands at the time of the third survey, which is highly active after restoration. Specified endangered species class 1 and natural monuments designated by the Ministry of Environment, Lutra lutra lutra, as a Mammalian, uses the wetlands and ecological Fish-way as habitat areas, and the his habitat is restored. In the case of Flora, vascular plants emerging in the survey area were increased to 7 and 13 species before restoration and 15 and 19 species directly after restoration, and 22 species and 33 species after restoration. Vegetation after restoration was found to be a basic producer of various ecosystems and a plant community that contributes to the purification of water quality such as Phragmites japonica communities. As the result of water quality monitoring, the average of treatment efficiencies were BOD 64.3%, T-N 47.2%, T-P 80.7%. Successful treatment of the nonpoint pullution source, which is a limiting factor to disturb the ecosystem, creatively restored the target species in the water quality class I, II.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2020

This study analyzed the Planting Prototype of Haengdan(杏壇)is the One of the traditional planting techniques and the value of natural monument plant and derived the value of the ginkgo tree in Sejong-ri as a natural monument. The results are as follows; First, ginkgo trees have high environmental adaptability, practicality and visual value. There were also many ginkgo trees that were deeply related to Confucian and Buddhist ideas. Ginkgo trees accounted for the largest portion of the number of old tree designated as natural monuments in recognition of their value. Second, after analyzing the historical and cultural values of ginkgo trees, ginkgo trees became the place of gardens and buildings by symbolizing Confucius(孔子)' Confucian ideas. In Buddhism, it was related to the creation of temples or the achievements of ancient monks. The people had a symbol of the prosperity of their offspring and the succession of the family. Third, in 1024 gongdobo, the grandson of Confucius, rebuilt the shrine, installed the platform in the central position and planted ginkgo trees. It originated from what he called "the "haengdan(杏壇)." The tree was then recorded as "heungheang(紅杏)" which was written by Wang Jae-jin's poetry during the Ming Dynasty. Thus it was misused as apricot tree. The cause of this is due to the same kanji reading. or it can be seen as influence on the taoism. But Korea has been sticking to the use of the first ginkgo trees. Forth, biologically, the Sejong-ri ginkgo tree is characterized by the composition of a pair of male trees. The landscape is contrasted with the twisted male tree and vertical female trees. In addition, in terms of authenticity and integrity, the relationship between Admiral Im, Nan-Su(林蘭秀) of the Goryeo Dynasty and the ginkgo tree is found in various literature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze design characteristics of Korean War Memorials(KWM) in the United States(KWMUS). Through site survey and internet searching, the researcher selected 25 KWMUS and analyzed four analysis categories: design concept, spatial form, landscape details, and sculptures. The results are as follows: 1. The analysis revealed that main concepts of KWMUS were to cherish victims of the Korean War, show membership/locality/patriotism, express feelings and the meaning of war, and explain the Korean War realistically and symbolically. 2. Most KWMUS in memorial parks and plazas were designed to pursue the completion of each memorial assuming the form of typical and symmetrical circles and squares. Also, spatial order including spatial sequence was seen in some of KWMUS. 3. Stone walls, stone monument, flags, emblems and paving were used as main landscape details. The map of the Korean peninsula and Taegeuk were often introduced to symbolize Korea and the Korean War, and the symbolic phrase, 'Forgotten War' or 'Freedom is Not Free' were written on the stone to keep the Korean War in the minds of Americans. 4. Sculptures were used as important media to represent the Korean War in a variety of ways. Most of them were formed realistically, except for a few sculptures that aimed to represent the Korean War symbolically and narratively. In particular, the sculptures in Washington D.C. KWVM and Minnesota KWM were remarkable as symbolic media of war memorials in contemporary society. Further study will be required to analyze comparatively KWM in Korea and the U.S. and to understand characteristics of KWM in the point of design style.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.573-582
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• 2008

We report a newly found natural habitat of Abeliophyllum distichum in mountainous slope range of Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk Province. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is one of the Korean monotypic endemic species. Natural growth habitats of this species have been recorded from seven sites up to now, and all of the natural habitats are located in middle (Chungbuk Prov.) and middle west (Jeonbuk Prov.) parts of South Korea. Among the previously recorded seven natural habitats, six sites have been designated as Korean national monuments and protected with in situ conservation. New natural habitat of A. distichum is located on northwest slope of stiff hillock area beside the small stream, Seolgye-ri, Yeongdong-eup, Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk Province. Total growing area is nearly $3,000 m^2$. It is 10-25 cm in soil depth and pH 5.0-6.5 in soil acidity in that area. And many of A. distichum are clustered with 2-5 individuals extended by stoloniferous asexual reproduction. And the total numbers of A. distichum are about 700 individuals with only typical white flowers, and the ratio between pin type and thrum type is 37% and 63%, respectively. The huge population of A. distichum is growing with Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla association in a mixed forest, and it shows high affinity with Stephanandra incisa, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Euonymus alatus for. ciliatodentatus, and Smilax sieboldi.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 2014

Natural Monument is a designated cultural property as part of the country. According to Article 2 of the Cultural Properties Protection Act, a national, ethnic and global heritage artificially or naturally formed, with a great historical, artistic, scientific and landscape significance is defined as a cultural heritage. Animals, plants, topography, geology, minerals, caves, biological products and special natural phenomena, having a great of historic, scenic and scientific value, are defined as the monument. According to Article 3 of Cultural Properties Protection Act, the conservation, management and utilization of National Heritage should be kept intact in its original form. So, Natural monuments are managing as retained its original form under the Basic Principles of current law. The highest population of coniferous tree in natural monument plant is ginkgo tree including 22 objects, followed by pines, junipers that order. And in case of broadleaf tree, there are zelkova trees, retusa fringe trees, pagoda trees, cork oaks, silver magnolias and etc. There are many of reported efficacy in available natural monument plants. The efficacy of plant species on pharmaceutical like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant activity, neuroprotective, improves cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, liver protection and anti-bacterial efficacy, on cosmetics and beauty like the inhibiting formation of skin wrinkles, whitening effect, variety of materials and the efficacy of the proposed utilization of its various papers and etc have been widely reported. Before the Nagoya Protocol enters into force, the future role of the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Administration of Cultural Heritage should be obtain a legal right to manage the social, cultural and national natural monument with emotional value to the plant genetic resource as a natural monument efficient ways to study and preserve traditional knowledge biological resources by securing a claim to the sovereignty of the material will be ready.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.31-60
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• 1997

Stone-cultural-properties, distributed in Naju, Hwasun and a part of Jangheung, have been investigated and studied on the characteristics, rock weathering and phases in the geological and conservational points of view. The properities involve pagoda and twelve stupas, four stone-buddha, three stone monuments, two stone-lantern, four stone-Jangseung, one and flag-pole. The rocks used are mainly pebble-bearing tuffaceous rocks of the Cretaceous age which are widely distributed in the area. However, granites are also used in some properties. These rocks are strongly influenced by weathering and pervasive moss. The mottled rock surfaces in some properties are in colors due to pervasive moss different. Parts of some cultural properties are broken which results in structurally unstable. Cultural properties in the area are relatively well conserved at the earth consolidated by ramming and by iron fence. However some cultural properties are partly repaired by using other hinds of rock phases which results in different colors in weathered rock surface. For conservation, rock phases, weathered surface colors, and relationships with original parts must be scientifically considered in repairment forward.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

Heungseon Daewonwang Lee Ha-eung was the father of King Gojong, who appointed as Daewongun in December 1863. On February 2, 1898, after the death of Heungseon Daewongun, he was buried in the Asodang in Gongdeok-dong, Mapo-gu, where he normally enjoyed. On August 24, 1907, he was promoted to Daewonwang. After being promoted to Daewonwang, the Asodang tomb was relocated to Daedeok-dong, Paju, and the tomb was promoted to Won. In the Wonchim space promoted to the facilities suitable for the original were created, and through this, it was possible to analyze the characteristics of the Wonchim and the Wonchim space of the tomb on the Heungwon. In addition, by comparing and analyzing the spatial composition between Myo and Won, it was possible to derive the spatial composition characteristics of the Joseon Dynasty Won(園), and Myo(墓). Looking at the research results derived through the analysis of 『Heungwon Cheonbong Registration』, tomb of Heungseon Daewongun, located in Asodang, Mapo-gu, was promoted to Heungseon Daewonwang, and was relocated as Jangneung in Uncheon-ri, Paju, the former tomb of King Injo. The promoted of tomb was also promoted from Myo to Won. In addition, the storehouses and facilities used in Mapo Asodang were moved to Uncheon-ri, Paju, and reused. Newly constructed monuments, Biseog, Chimgak, Jemulgo, Subokcheong, Hongsalmun, and Wells according to the promoted of the Won. It was confirmed that there is a difference in the spatial composition of Won and Myo when looking at the difference in the composition of the ornament objects and the facility.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.85-101
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• 2002

Landscape civilization in Korea originated in Cochosun(Ancient Chosun) era, this again succeeding to the period of the Three States - Koguryo, Baekje and Silla. The distribution of this culture showed great progress with the association of two particular religions - Buddhism and Confucianism.. Landscape development in Korea has greatly changed during specific times of both cultural and political upheaval in various societies. Religion has had a great deal of influence on landscape development. Traditionally Korean people have had a tendency to favor more natural landscape than man-made structures in landscape : This trend was a quite different concept from that of other oriental countries, not to mention of western countries. In particular, Buddhism influenced natural landscape, far from artificial craftsmanship in landscape. Oriental garden is a typical 'tabloid edition' of natural landscape which consists lakes, islands, ponds, stone monuments, and fruit trees, quite often raising animal in parks and courtyard style house. This style of garden influenced in Chosun Dynasty landscape. Landscaping was usually for royal gardens, cemetery parks or high level of officer's residence. However, landscaping in Chosun Dynasty which had established Confucianism as a state religion gave us a specific designation. It was neither ethnic imitation of the garden style of both China and Japan : People were used to enjoy nature-friendly landscape or sink into the ecstasy of natural scenery itself. The trend that landscape or establishing garden had been aimed at royal family- or bureaucrat-centered formatives was to become an obstacle to the development of landscape techniques in Korea. An example represented in a beautiful garden with fabulous decoration which established in places. This was completely not fit for the nation's feeling.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.505-515
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• 2021

In this study, we evaluated the slope stability of the Pohang Daljeon-ri columnar joint (Natural Monuments # 415) and calculated the maximum energy, jumping height and moving distance of rockfalls using a simulation. Based on the results, we established the range of rockfall risk. The slopes of the Pohang Daljeon-ri columnar joint have dip directions of 93.79°, 131.99°, 165.54° and 259.84° from left (SW) to right (NE). Furthermore, they have a fan-like shape. The Pohang Daljeon-ri columnar joints are divided into four sections depending on the dip direction. The measurement results of the discontinuous face show that zone 1 is 125, zone 2 is 261, zone 3 is 262, zone 4 is 43. The results of slope stability analyses for each section using a stereographic projection method correspond to the range of planar and toppling failure. Although it is difficult to diagnose the type of failure, risk evaluation of currently falling rocks requires further focus. The maximum movement distance of a rockfall in the simulation was approximately 66 m and the rockfall risk range was the entire area under slope. In addition, it is difficult to forecast where a rock will fall as it rolls in various directions due to topographic factors. Thus, the installation of measures to prevent falling is suggested to secure the stability based on the results of the rockfall simulations and its probabilistic analysis.