• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2009

The deteriorations of stone monuments located in Gyeongju area are predicted in a modeling study. Artificial rain and accelerated weathering test are here applied to the Gyeongju Namsan granite and cement mortar. They are reacted with pH 4.0, pH 8.0 and pH 5.6 rain, respectively. The two former values are the limited acidity values in the Gyeongju (the acidity of rain of the Gyeongju were pH $4.93{\sim}6.39$ in 2005) and the latter is the limited acidity of acid rain. The rains of pH 5.6 and pH 8.0 reach close to a value of pH 7.0 after the reaction with the Gyeongju Namsan granite. After application of the artificial rain and weathering test, the weight of specimens were reduced and the contents of soluble ions in the specimens were increased. These results are attributable to solution of minerals in the specimens. At first, the microlithic have dissolved in ground from the reaction with acid rain. And then mainly quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase bound by the microlithic are disintegrated. The cement mortars are dissolved after the reaction with not only acid but alkali rain. The concentrations of ions in the dissolved cement mortar are higher than those in granite.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.273-283
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• 2013

The artificial rain (pH 4.0, pH 5.6 and pH 6.85) and weathering simulation test are applied in dolomitic marble for the prediction of deterioration of the stone monuments constructed with carbonate rock by acid rain. pH of the applied rain all increase to about neutral pH after reaction of marble. The contents of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ have increased more than twofold in two acid rain and deionized neutral rain after reaction of marble. The weight of marble is expected to decrease $0.00037kg/m^2$ each test cycle by pH 4.0 rain. This weight reduction rate of marble is 1.4 and 3.1 times more in pH 5.6 and pH 6.85 rain respectively, and 3.7 times more in only artificial weathering test. The compressive strength of marble is expected to decrease 0.2468, 0.1791 and $0.1280kg/m^2$ per test cycle with pH 4.0, pH 5.6 and pH 6.85 rain, respectively. These results mean that more acidic rain more enfeeble the strength of marble. Dolomite and small amount of calcite are precipitated in the rains after reaction of marble.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2010

The artificial rains having different pH and weathering simulation test were performed for Gyeongju Namsan granite and dacitic tuff to predict the role of acid rain in the deterioration of stone monuments located in Gyeongju area. The pH 4.0 rain reacted with the fresh granite showed near neutral pH at the early stage due to the hydrolysis of minerals in the rock surface. But the pH changed back to the initial pH in the later stage. On the other hand, the pH 5.6 rain showed the neutral pH for a longer time than the experiment with pH 4.0 rain, reflecting slower reaction of minerals due to the weaker acidity. When the pH 5.6 rain reacted with the weathered granite, the water showed neutral pH longer than the case of the fresh granite. The similar tendencies were observed in the experiment of dacitic tuff, except that the pH 4.0 rain reacted with dacitic tuff took a longer time to go back to the initial pH as compared with the case of granite. These results may due to the differences in mineral composition and texture of two rocks. Dacitic tuff contains more fine-grained or glassy groundmass than granite and is more reactive with weaker acid rain. It was predicted that the weight loss and strength decrease rate of dacitic tuff would be approximatetly twice relative to those of granite in the same experimental environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the monumental expression of Korean War Memorials(KWM) in Korea(KWMK). Through site survey and internet searching, the researcher selected 17 KWMK and analyzed four analysis categories: contents, spatial form, landscape elements, sculptures and architectural elements. The results are as follows: 1. The analysis revealed that main contents of KWMK were to cherish victims of the Korean War, honor military merit, and explain Korean War. 2. Most KWMK built battlefield had the form of symmetry and spatial axis arranged monuments and sculptures for solemnity and heroism. Though the sites were terraced by traditional spatial order, spatial sequence wasn't seen except Yang-gu KWMK and Chumomyeongbi in United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea. 3. Stone monument-like towers, tablets, podium, monoliths, cenotaphs, and exhibit halls to explain Korean War and combat history were used as main elements of KWMK and also, war weapons were often displayed the flags of countries taking part in Korean War were raised with Taegeukgi and the United Nations flag. 4. Most sculptures were used as important media to represent the Korean War and assumed realistically the form of heroic combat. But a few architectural memorial built in recent were designed in contemporary style to have spatial sequence and represent Korean War symbolically and narratively. 5. In memorial culture, KWMK were strongly influenced by ideology and patriotism, impacted by conventional value, and designed by some sculptors and designers in a certain circle. Further study will be required to analyze the characteristics of KWMK in the point of design style and diachronic.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

The basaltic rocks of Daljeon-ri columnar joint (Natural Monuments # 415) and Noeseongsan Noerok site (Natural Monuments # 547) were analysed in order to understand basalt types of two areas. The basaltic rocks of the Pohang Daljeon-ri columnar joint show a typical porphyritic texture containing phenocrysts (olivine and clinopyroxene) and groundmasses composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and opaque minerals,. In contrast, basaltic rocks of Noeseongsan Noerok are characterized by fine-grained groundmass with large phenocrysts of plagioclase. Other analysis such as magnetic susceptibility, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence also support the petrological differences of two basalt rocks. The Daljeon-ri basaltic rocks are plotted on phonotephrite volcanic rocks of alkaline series in TAS(total alkali silica), and on within plate basalt in Zr-Ti diagram. The Noeseongsan basalts, on the other hand, are plotted on basaltic andesite to andesite of sub-alkaline series in TAS, and on volcanic arc basalt in Zr-Ti diagram. These results indicate that the original mantle materials between two basalt rocks were different each other, which probably originated from the change of a tectonic setting in the southeastern Korean peninsula during the Miocene.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.28-55
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• 2010

Currently, the natural monument system of Korea for naming and designation of natural monuments is based on "Chosun Natural Monument Conservation Acts for Treasure, Ancient Landmark, and Natural Beauty" enacted in 1934 during Japanese colonization period. The framework of natural monument system is still in effect, which is pointed out as a problem. The Dangsan forests and Bibo forests are Korean traditional cultural resources representing countryside of Korea. Cultural Heritage Administration follows and relies on the 'Limsu of Chosun' (1938), a report written by a Japanese, for naming and classification of natural monuments. A Dangsan forest at Yesong-ri was named "Yesong-ri evergreen forest" in 1938. They followed the naming system of "evergeen forest" until today. The objective of this study is to review the issues and problems of 'Limsu of Chosun' and natural monument naming system begun during Japanese occupation period, and suggest an alternative to the current situation where naming natural monument accordingly without discretion. Eighteen dangsan forests bibo forests were selected for examination and analysis. The names of the dangsan forests bibo forests were evaluated to find out whether various aspects of the forests are reflected in the name. The study suggests that many forests and old trees designated as natural monument should be named as "~Dangsan forest", "~Dangsan forest Bibo forest", or "~Dangsan tree" with consistency accordingly. The new names will bring a momentum to overcome the limitation of natural monument naming system continued since Japanese occupation period, and also enhance the value of Dangsan forests and Bibo forests as Korean traditional and cultural landscapes.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.101-111
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• 2014

The magazine (Bulletin) of "Seikou" was made by conservation engineers to exchange information about the survey and repair work of historic buildings in Japan before World War II. This magazine has 26 volumes in total, and was published periodically four times a year from April 1937 to December 1943. Publisher is Nindokai that is supposed to the forerunner of Bunkenkyo (the Japanese Association for Conservation of Architectural Monuments). Only 3 or 4 organizations except personal possession have it now. And it has a limit to use the contents of the article as a general historical material. So, it was rare that experts and researcher used to the "Seikou". However, this study focuses on the articles of the Korean historic building, which is sometimes appeared in it, although there are few. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the fact-finding of the conservation for the Korean historic building in Japanese colonial period by analyzing the articles in historical records of "Seikou".

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1988

An epigraph is an inscription mainly on a metal or stone monument, but some cases on bones or tortoise carapaces, ceramics, and coins. The '茶' inscriptions in 251 epigraphs in Korea are on 16 monuments, one tile, and one ceramic. By kingdom 5 belongs to shilla and 13 to Korea. The first '茶' inscription in on the Changsung-Tap of Borimsa Temple in Changhung-Kun, Chullanam-Do, which was established in 884 A.D. Religiously most of them are related to Buddism. Tea was most valued among valuables like gold, perlume, beads, etc. and so bestowed by kings. The study of epigraphs shows that our tea culture had most prospered diring the Kingdoms of Shilla and Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2018

This study is to research the military remains of Korean War(1950~53) focused on Yeonchen, Cheorwon, and Hwacheon-gun in the central border of DMZ. The Yeoncheon-gun is installing 'Yeolsoe' and 'Taepung' observatory in the frontline battlefield adjacent to Southern Limit Line(SLL), and not only protects many military remains including war memorial and crematory facilities of UN troops, but also utilizes them as active educational places. The Cheorwon-gun is actively making known 'Baengmagoji memorial, 'Labor party office' and other buildings adjacent to 'Tourist security DMZ', but needs to set up many monuments around battlefields of 'Gimhwa' and 'Daeseongsan' adjacent to 'Eco-peace park DMZ'. With the battlefield of 'Paroho' as the center, which our troops made brilliant military gains during the war, the Hwacheon-gun protects and informs military remains such as '643 and 490 battlefields', 'Kkeomeok and Guman bridge'. Developing a network for military remains in connection with the annual local festivals, the experience tour and security will be available at these places.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.3 s.31
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• pp.35-51
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• 2002

This study is about the preservation of wooden buildings as cultural properties. I got the idea for preservation and repair of cultural properties of wooden buildings by watching the process of repairing them in Japan. The Japanese have been endeavored to restoring old wooden buildings to their original forms for more than a hundred years. The idea to change decayed materials into new materials or the new approach to the process of restoration used to be in conflict with the concept of 'Authenticity'--the criteria for evaluation of the value of cultural properties, based on the Western of thinking, established by UNESCO. Since 'Nara Conference on Authenticity', held in 1994 in Nara, however, the concept of 'Authenticity' has changed, and the peculiarity of certain cultural properties of the wooden buildings and their diversity of culture have now begun to be recognized by UNESCO. This is a crucial change for the study of preservation, repair and restoration of cultural properties of wooden buildings. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to look closely at the process of change of the concept 'Authenticity' and find a better method for preservation of cultural properties of wooden buildings.