• 제목/요약/키워드: Monte Carlo Noise

검색결과 225건 처리시간 0.023초

OFDM 통신 시스템에서 비선형 왜곡분석의 새로운 분석기법 (A New Method on the Nonlinear Distortion Analysis in the OFDM Communication System)

  • 이동훈;정기호;유흥균
    • 한국전자파학회논문지
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.538-545
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    • 2002
  • OFDM 통신 시스템에서는 피크전력 대 평균전력비(Peak to Average Power Ratio, PAPR)가 커짐에 따라 전력증폭기에서 비선형 왜곡이 발생되므로 이를 포함한 전송 성능평가가 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 전력증폭기에서 비선형 왜곡이 있는 OFDM 시스템의 성능을 평가하는 새로운 혼합 분석기법을 제안한다. 즉, 제안된 혼합 분석기법은 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 먼저 PAPR의 확률밀도함수와 비선형 잡음의 분산과 평균을 구하고, 이를 이용하여 해석적(analytical) 방법으로 전체 BER을 구하는 방법이다. QPSK 또는 16-QAM 변조방식의 OFDM 시스템에서, 반도체전력증폭기(Solid-State-Power Amplifier, SSPA)의 등가모델을 적용하고, PAPR을 파라미터로 사용하여 IBO 크기에 따른 BER을 분석한다. 제안 방법이 기존의 Monte-Carlo 시뮬레이션에 의한 BER과 거의 동일한 분석 결과를 보이고, 기존 방법보다 BER곡선을 얻는데 필요한 시간이 상당히 감소됨을 보인다

Comparison of Image Uniformity with Photon Counting and Conventional Scintillation Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography System: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study

  • Kim, Ho Chul;Kim, Hee-Joung;Kim, Kyuseok;Lee, Min-Hee;Lee, Youngjin
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제49권4호
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    • pp.776-780
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    • 2017
  • To avoid imaging artifacts and interpretation mistakes, an improvement of the uniformity in gamma camera systems is a very important point. We can expect excellent uniformity using cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) photon counting detector (PCD) because of the direct conversion of the gamma rays energy into electrons. In addition, the uniformity performance such as integral uniformity (IU), differential uniformity (DU), scatter fraction (SF), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) varies according to the energy window setting. In this study, we compared a PCD and conventional scintillation detector with respect to the energy windows (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) using a $^{99m}Tc$ gamma source with a Geant4 Application for Tomography Emission simulation tool. The gamma camera systems used in this work are a CZT PCD and NaI(Tl) conventional scintillation detector with a 1-mm thickness. According to the results, although the IU and DU results were improved with the energy window, the SF and CNR results deteriorated with the energy window. In particular, the uniformity for the PCD was higher than that of the conventional scintillation detector in all cases. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the uniformity of the CZT PCD was higher than that of the conventional scintillation detector.

Trellis 부호와 L번째 위상차 메트릭(metrics)을 갖는$\pi$/4 shift QPSK ($\pi$/4 shift QPSK with Trellis-Code and Lth Phase Different Metrics)

  • 김종일;강창언
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제17권10호
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    • pp.1147-1156
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    • 1992
  • 본 논문에서는 $\pi/4$ shift QPSK에 Trellis 부호화된 변조 기법(Trellis-Coded Modulation. TCM)을 적용시키기위하여 $\pi/8$ shift 8PSK를 제안하고 위상차에 의한 신호 집합 확장과 신호 집합 분할을 수행하는 trellis 부호화된 π/8 shift 8PSK를 제안한다. 또한 BER(Bit Error Rate) 성능을 향상시키기위하여 제1차 위상차뿐만아니라 제L차 이상차의 자승 유클리드 거리를 매트릭(Branch Metric)으로 갖는 비터비 디코더(Viterbi decoder)를 설계한다. 그리고 $\pi/4$ shift QPSK, trellis 부호화된 $\pi/8$ shift 8PSK와 제L차 위상차의 자승 유클리드 거리를 메트릭(Branch Metric)으로 갖는 trellis 부호화된 $\pi/8$ shift 8PSK 의 BER 특성을 AWGN에서 Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션을 통해 알아본다. 제안된 알고리즘은 MDPSK에도 적용될 수 있다.

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소형 선박용 관성측정장치 개발을 위한 MEMS 기반 관성 센서의 평가와 선정 (Evaluation and Selection of MEMS-Based Inertial Sensor to Implement Inertial Measurement Unit for a Small-Sized Vessel)

  • 임정빈
    • 한국항해항만학회지
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    • 제35권10호
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    • pp.785-791
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    • 2011
  • 본 논문에서는 소형 선박용 관성측정장치(Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU) 개발에 적합한 MEMS(Micro-Electro Mechanical System) 기반의 관성 센서 평가와 선정에 관하여 기술했다. 먼저, 오일러 공식에 기초한 관성 센서의 오차 모델과 잡음 모델을 정의하고, 앨런 분산(Allan Variance) 기법과 몬테카르로(Monte Carlo) 시뮬레이션 기법을 도입하여 관성 센서를 평가하였다. ADIS16405, SAR10Z, SAR100Grade100, LIS344ALH, ADXL103 등 다섯 가지 관성 센서에 대한 평가결과, ADIS16405의 자이로와 가속도계를 조합한 경우 오차가 가장 작게 나타났는데, 600 초 경과시 속도 오차의 표준편차가 약 160 m/s, 위치 오차의 표준편차가 약 35 km로 나타났다. 평가를 통해 ADIS16405 관성 센서가 IMU 구축에 최적임을 알았고, 이러한 오차 감소 방법에 대해서 참고문헌을 조사하여 검토하였다.

Simulation Studies for Noninvasive Optical Measurements of Blood-Scattering Changes in a Skin Model with a Large Blood Vessel

  • Zephaniah, Phillips V;Paik, Seung-ho;Nam, Jungyong;Chang, Ki Young;Jung, Young-Jin;Choi, Youngwoon;Lee, Joonhyung;Kim, Beop Min
    • Current Optics and Photonics
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.46-53
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    • 2019
  • Monte Carlo simulations were performed for a three-dimensional tissue model with and without an embedded large vessel, to understand how varying vessel geometry affects surface light distribution. Vessel radius was varied from 1 to 5 mm, and vessel depth from 2 to 10 mm. A larger difference in surface fluence rate was observed when the vessel's radius increased. For vessel depth, the largest difference was seen at a depth of approximately 4 mm, corresponding to human wrist region. When the vessel was placed at depths greater than 8 mm, very little difference was observed. We also tested the feasibility of using two source-detector pairs, comprising two detectors distinctly spaced from a common source, to noninvasively measure blood-scattering changes in a large vessel. High sensitivity to blood-scattering changes was achieved by placing the near detector closer to the source and moving the far detector away from the source. However, at longer distances, increasing noise levels limited the sensitivity of the two-detector approach. Our results indicate that the approach using two source-detector pairs may have potential for quantitative measurement of scattering changes in the blood while targeting large vessels near the human wrist region.

사장교 시공 중 케이블 장력 보정을 위한 최적 변위계측 위치 결정 (Determination of Optimal Locations for Measuring Displacements to Adjust Cable Tension Forces of Cable-Stayed Bridges)

  • 신수봉;이중용;김재천;정길재
    • 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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    • 제13권2호통권54호
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    • pp.129-136
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    • 2009
  • 이 연구에서는 사장교의 시공 중 장력보정을 위한 최적 변위계측 위치(OLD) 결정법을 제안한다. 변위 민감도를 구하여 Fisher Information Matrix(FIM)를 정식화하였고, 이를 이용한 유효독립분포벡터(EIDV)를 계산하여 최적 변위계측 위치의 우선순위를 결정하였다. 결정된 최적 변위계측 위치의 효율성과 신뢰성을 검증하기 위하여 사장교에 대한 수치예제를 수행하였다. 변위를 사용한 FIM을 정식화하여 이의 결과를 변위 민감도를 사용한 결과와 수치예제를 통해 비교하였다. 또한 변위 측정오차와 케이블 길이오차가 장력 보정에 미치는 영향을 Monte Carlo 기법을 사용하여 통계적으로 분석하였다.

통합 의사잡음신호 기반 부호추적편이 추정에 따른 GPS L1 C/A 신호의 재방송재밍 영향 완화 기법 (A Novel Scheme to Mitigate a GPS L1 C/A Signal Repeat-back Jamming Effect, According to a Code Tracking Bias Estimation, Using Combined Pseudo-random Noise Signals)

  • 유승수;염동진;지규인;김선용
    • 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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    • 제22권10호
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    • pp.869-875
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    • 2016
  • In this paper, a novel scheme with which to mitigate a repeat-back jamming effect is proposed for the GPS L1 coarse/acquisition signal. The proposed scheme estimates the code tracking bias caused by repeat-back jamming signals using a Combined Pseudo-random noise signal. It then mitigates the repeat-back jamming effect by subtracting the estimated code timing on a normal correlation channel from the estimated value. Through a Monte-Carlo simulation, the proposed scheme can diminish the running average of code tracking bias to less than 10% of the bias using the conventional scheme.

Performance of All-Optical Multihop RoFSO Communication System over Gamma-Gamma Atmospheric Turbulence Channels

  • Zong, Kang;Zhu, Jiang
    • Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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    • 제19권5호
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    • pp.437-443
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    • 2015
  • In this paper, we analyze the performance of the all-optical multihop radio over a free space optical (RoFSO) communication system with amplify-and-forward (AF) relays under varying weather conditions. The proposed channel model considers the propagation loss, attenuation and atmospheric fading modeled by the Gamma-Gamma (GG) distribution. Both the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in the all-optical relays and the background noise projected onto receiver apertures have been considered in the analysis. The lower bound analytical expressions for the end-to-end bit error rate (BER) and outage probability are derived for the multihop system employing the all-optical relays with the full channel state information (CSI). Meanwhile, the exact results for BER and outage probability are obtained via Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate the performance of the proposed system will be improved by the multihop transmission technology. For a fixed number of relays, the BER and outage probability will be increased with the deterioration of the weather conditions.

금융자산의 시장 미시구조 잡음에 대한 부트스트래핑 라그랑지 승수 검정 (A Bootstrap Lagrangian Multiplier Test for Market Microstructure Noise in Financial Assets)

  • 김효진;신동완;박종헌;이상구
    • 응용통계연구
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.189-200
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    • 2015
  • 본 논문에서는 정상적 부트스트래핑을 금융 자산 가격에서 시장 미시구조 잡음에 대한 라그랑지 승수 검정에 적용한다. 몬테 카를로 실험을 통해 부트스트래핑 방법이 조건부 이분산 모형을 적용한 기존 라그랑지 승수 검정의 유의수준 왜곡 문제를 개선함을 보인다. 이 검정을 KOSPI 지수와 원-달러 환율과 같은 실제 데이터에 적용한다.

Block-matching and 3D filtering algorithm in X-ray image with photon counting detector using the improved K-edge subtraction method

  • Kyuseok Kim;Youngjin Lee
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제56권6호
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    • pp.2057-2062
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    • 2024
  • Among photon counting detector (PCD)-based technologies, the K-edge subtraction (KES) method has a very high material decomposition efficiency. Yet, since the increase in noise in the X-ray image to which the KES method is applied is inevitable, research on image quality improvement is essential. Here, we modeled a block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D) algorithm and applied it to PCD-based X-ray images with the improved KES (IKES) method. For PCD modeling, Monte Carlo simulation was used, and a phantom composed of iodine substances with different concentrations was designed. The IKES method was modeled by adding a log term to KES, and the X-ray image used for subtraction was obtained by applying the 3.0 keV range based on the K-edge region of iodine. As a result, the IKES image using the BM3D algorithm showed the lowest normalized noise power spectrum value. In addition, we confirmed that the contrast-to-noise ratio and no-reference-based evaluation results when the BM3D algorithm was applied to the IKES image were improved by 29.36 % and 20.56 %, respectively, compared to the noisy image. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the IKES imaging technique using a PCD-based detector and the BM3D algorithm fusion technique were very efficient for X-ray imaging.