• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.315-316
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• 2001

In this study various nutritional and environmental parameters such as, initial moisture content, pH. inoculum size, air rate, sample size and nutrient supplement that influence pigment production were evaluated in solid-state cultures. optimum initial moisture content and pH were determined to be 50% and 6.0, respectively. The supplement of the substrate with different carbon, nitrogen, and mineral source reveals a more inhibitive effect as the substrate concentration increase. optimum aeration rate was determined to be 2vvm in flask culture. The maximum amount of red pigment, 3500 OD/g dried fermented rice, was obtained in optimum conditions which is obtained in solid flask culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.437-442
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• 2012

Red yeast rice (RER) has been used in China for centuries for its medicinal properties and is an increasingly popular alternative lipid-lowering treatment. This study was carried out to estimate the antioxidant properties of RER extracts. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the DPPH radical scavenging activity of 85% at 0.2 mg/mL and $IC_{50}$ 0.13 mg/mL. A significant proportion of hydroxyl radicals in a cuvette were scavenged: 44.2% at 2.5 ${\mu}g$/mL, 74.1% at 5.0 ${\mu}g$/mL, and >100% at 10 ${\mu}g$/mL. The $HepG_2$ cells pre-treated with RER ethyl acetate extract reduced the hydroxyl radicals significantly compared to the control cells. Oxidative DNA damage was measured using a Comet assay. The RER ethyl acetate extract did not induce any DNA damage per se, and appeared to enhance the resistance to DNA damage caused by an oxidant challenge with $H_2O_2$, whereas lovastatin increased the level of DNA damage in the cells in both the unstressed (no oxidant) and those stressed with $H_2O_2$. The relative gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes in $HepG_2$ cells were also affected by the RER ethyl acetate extract. The $HepG_2$ cells were pre-incubated with the RER ethyl acetate extract, and then stressed with $H_2O_2$ or left unstressed (no oxidant). In the unstressed cells, superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were increased significantly 3.25-fold and 2.67-fold, respectively, whereas in the stressed cells, the catalase (CAT) level was increased by 4.64-fold and 7.0-fold at 5 ${\mu}g$/mL and 10 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively, compared to those of the control. From these results, RER appears to be effective in suppressing oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2017

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of muffins prepared with different amounts (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%) of fucoidan red yeast (Monascus purpureus) rice powder (FRYR). The weight and pH of muffins increased as the amount of FRYR increased. The height and baking loss rate of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05), whereas moisture content was not significantly different between all samples. L value and b value of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). However, a value of muffins significantly increased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). Hardness, chewiness, and brittleness increased with increasing FRYR concentration. Cohesiveness was higher with 30% FRYR, whereas springiness was not significantly different between the samples. In the sensory evaluation, the appearance and crumb color of muffins was higher in groups containing 0% FRYR, whereas flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability scores were highest for muffins with 50% FRYR added. The total polyphenol content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of muffins significantly increased with increasing addition of FRYR (P<0.05). Therefore, addition of FRYR could satisfy the sensory function and functional requirements of muffins. Furthermore, this study proposes the development of various products using fucoidan red yeast rice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2014

This study was to investigate the potential effects of fermented Angelica gigas Nakai (FAG) at 5% (w/w) levels in Sprague-Dawley strain rats, which were intoxicated with 1% (w/w) orotic acid (OA) for 10 days. The activities of several hepatic enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cholinesterase were increased when OA was treated, but these parameters were significantly decreased by FAG administration. OA treatment induced a significant increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, which was attenuated by FAG administration. Liver nonheme ion was decreased in the OA treatment group and was significantly increased in FAG administration, which suggests that lipid peroxidation contents are inversely correlated with liver nonheme ion content. The glutathione concentration was significantly decreased in the OA treatment group compared with the normal group, but this concentration was significantly increased in the FAG group, and it showed the antioxidant ability of glutathione. Based on these results, fermented Angelica gigas Nakai is a material with significant potential for development into a health food that can improve fatty liver conditions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1516-1524
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• 2013

To find a novel skin whitening agent, the effect of cordycepin-enriched Cordyceps militaris (CM${\alpha}$) extract fermented by fungi on anti-melanogenesis in B16F0 mouse melanoma cells was investigated. Fermented CM${\alpha}$ was prepared with fungi, including Monascus purpureus (Mp), Aspergillus oryzae (Ao), Aspergillus kawachii (Ak), and Rhizopus oryzae (Ro), respectively. When the content of the phenolics and the flavonoids and the activities of the antioxidant and the mushroom tyrosinase inhibition were measured in the CM fermented by Ak (AkF-CM), the highest content of the phenolics was 46 mg/g dry weight and the highest content of the flavonoids was 0.93 mg/g; the highest activity of the DPPH radical scavenging was 62.74% and the highest activity of the mushroom tyrosinase inhibition was 79.97% CM${\alpha}$CM${\alpha}$. From this result, AkF-CM${\alpha}$ exhibited the highest mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity and so it was used in subsequent anti-melanogenesis. B16F0 melanoma cells were treated with 1-10 mg/ml concentrations of AkF-CM${\alpha}$ and 200 ${\mu}M$ arbutin as the positive control. The melanin content and cell viability of the melanoma cells by arbutin treatment decreased to 43% and 92% of the control, respectively. AkF-CM${\alpha}$ treatment at 1, 3, and 5 mg/ml concentrations decreased the extracellular melanin release induced by IBMX treatment by 35%, 45%, and 53%, respectively. AkF-CM${\alpha}$ showed inhibitory activity against both intracellular tyrosinase in melanoma cells and mushroom tyrosinase. AkF-CM${\alpha}$ reduced the protein level of tyrosinase in the IBMX-stimulated cells. These results indicate that AkF-CM${\alpha}$ suppressed the activity and protein content of cellular tyrosinase and decreased the total melanin content in cultured B16F0 melanoma cells.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.120-121
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Monascus Purpures(MP) on the growth performance of broiler chicks and egg qualify in laying hens. In Expt 1, MP were supplemented with 0. 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0% in basal diets. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion were examined for five weeks and blood cholesterol, protein were measured at the end of experiment. In Expt 2, diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0% MP were fed for two weeks. Egg qualify and yolk cholesterol were weekly measured. In Expt 1, Basal diets containing CP 21.5, 19%, ME 3,100, 3,200 kcal/kg were fed ad libitum for starting and finsihing period, repectively. In Expt 2, hens diet contained CP 16%, ME 2,800 kca1/kg and fed for two weeks. In Expt 1, weight gain of birds fed 2.0% MP was maximized at five weeks of age. Feed efficiency was not statistically different, but tended to improve in 1.0, 2.0% MP supplemental groups compared with control. Total serum cholesterol tended to be lower in 2.0% MP supplemental group but was not statistically different. In Expt 2, albumen height and Haugh unit of birds fed 1.0 and 2.0% MP were higher than other treatments, but was not statistically different. Yolk cholesterol of hens fed MP diets showed no significance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.404-408
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effects of laying productivity and egg quality according to providing germinated and fermented soybean (GFS) as feed additive. Among the strain, we selected Monascus purpureus KCCM 12002 so that inoculated in soybean and fermented for 48 h at $20^{\circ}C$. A total of two-hundred forty 70-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were divided into four groups (4 treatment${\times}$6 replication${\times}$10 birds each) and fed diets containing 0 (as control) (T1), 0.5% (T2), 1.0% (T3) or 2.0% GFS (T4) for 6 wk. The laying productivity, egg quality and blood property in the egg yolk were experimented. There were no significant differences in the laying productivity, relative liver and spleen weights, egg yolk color and eggshell strength among another groups. The eggshell color, eggshell thickness and haugh unit significantly increased in the GFS-supplemented group (p<0.05) compared to control. However, no significant differences were observed in the blood property after supplementation. The amount of lactic acid bacteria present during storage increased by providing of GFS (p<0.05) compare to control group. Our study results suggested that GFS can be used as a favorable feed additive and feedstuff for the productivity of high quality eggs and promoted relative industry.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.701-707
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• 2003

Kimchi was prepared with the addition of 2.5％ and 5.0％ Monascu purpureu koji(MPK) paste (20％) and were fermented at 20$^{\circ}C$ for 18 days. The quality and sensory characteristics of the kimchi were evaluated by analyzing the pH, acidity, number of viable cells, the concentration of reducing sugar, and sensory properties during fermentation. The pH and titratable acidity of the kimchiprepared with MPK(MPK kimchi) were higher and lower, respectively, than those of the control kimchi. The MPK kimchi showed high 'L' and 'b' values during storage, but the 'a' values were low. The contents of the reducing sugar of the MPK kimchi tended to increase during fermentation, particularly after six days. The number of total microbial cells, lactic acid bacteria and yeast in the MPK kimchi were lower than those of the control kimchi until 3 days of fermentation. However, the number of these bacteria in the MPK kimchi and the control kimchi after six days of fermentation was similar. The sensory score of the kimchi with 2.5％ and 5.0％ added MPK paste were significantly higher than the control groups in terms of the sweetness and overall acceptability.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.186-199
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• 2013

Objectives : The objectives of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Red-Koji (Monascus purpureus 12002) Fermented Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts (fSR), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various diseases including inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, fSR powders were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14days after single oral treatment of fSR with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : After single oral treatment of fSR, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents, on the body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations, except for some accidental findings. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD50 and ALD of fSR in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg and can be safety used in clinics.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of berberine on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We searched seven electronic databases for studies through October 2022. All randomized controlled trials (RTCs) of berberine were included. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were performed by two independent reviewers. The RevMan 5.4.1 program was used for meta-analysis. Results: A total of 279 relevant studies were identified, and 6 eligible RCTs were included to study the efficacy berberine on NAFLD. The six selected trials are studies on the effect between berberine and conventional treatment combined treatment versus conventional treatment. Liver function tests, blood lipid levels, and blood glucose levels were assessed. Combination treatment with berberine, ursodeoxycholate acid, metformin, and monascus purpureus showed statistically significant improvements in liver function levels, blood lipid levels, and blood glucose levels compared to conventional treatment alone. However, there was no significant efficacy of berberine combination dietary, exercise than control group on NAFLD. The meta-analysis results of examining 4 RCTs comparing the therapeutic efficacy of berberine showed statistically significant improvement in the liver function test, blood lipids levels, blood glucose levels. Conclusions: This study suggests that berberine has positive efficacy on blood lipids, blood glucose liver function, fatty liver condition of NAFLD. However, the level of evidence is low because of small effect size,so further investigation is needed.