• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.278-278
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• 2021

가뭄이 장기간 지속되어 농업적 가뭄 상태가 되면 토양의 수분이 마르기 시작하면서, 식생의 생장활동이 방해되고, 이는 식생의 광합성 활동까지 영향을 미친다. 광합성을 통해 대기 중의 이산화탄소가 흡수되고 산소 발생이 증가하는데, 광합성이 활발하지 못하면 상대적으로 대기 중의 이산화탄소 농도가 증가한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 토양수분, 식생활동과 대기 중 이산화탄소의 농도의 관계를 다중분광센서인 MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 산출물을 이용하여 분석하였다. 기존 토양수분의 경우, 마이크로파 센서를 통해 산출된 값을 활용했지만, 이는 상대적으로 공간 해상도가 조악하다는 단점을 갖고 있어서 면적이 작은 연구지역을 분석할 때에는 한계점을 갖고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 상대적으로 고해상도인 광학센서를 이용한 토양수분 산정 방법을 적용하였다. 또한, MODIS 총 일차생산량 (Gross Primary Productivity, GPP) 산출물을 이용하여 식생 호흡량과의 관계식을 통해 이산화탄소 플럭스를 계산하였다. 원격탐사 기반의 토양수분, 식생지수, 이산화탄소 플럭스를 한국에서 발생한 가뭄 기간 중, 2014년과 2015년도에 대하여 지점 관측자료인 플럭스 타워에서 제공되는 값과 비교 분석하였다. 분석한 결과 토양수분, 식생 지수, 탄소플럭스는 순차적으로 지연시간을 두고 상관성이 발생함을 확인하였다. 토양수분과 식생 지수 사이에는 1개월, 식생지수와 탄소플럭스는 0.5개월의 지연시간 후에 가장 높은 상관성을 보였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2022

토양 수분은 육상 생태계를 지배하는 핵심 변수로 널리 간주되어 왔다. 따라서 토양 수분을 모니터링하고 추정하는 것은 수문, 농업, 생화학적, 및 기후 역학을 평가하는 데 필수적이다. 그러나 최대 토양 접촉을 요구하는 기존의 토양 수분 모니터링 방법은, 토양 교란을 최소화하여 토양의 고유 특성을 보전하지 못하는 한계가 있다. 이 문제를 극복하기 위해 본 연구에서는 비접촉 초음파 시스템을 이용하여 토양 수분을 평가 방법을 개발하였다. 이 시스템은 공기-토양 조인트 절반 공간에서 누설 레일리파(Rayleigh wave)를 측정하도록 설계되었다. 토양 수분의 변화에 대한 누설 레일리파의 측정은 통제된 실험 설계에서 모래, 실트, 점토와 같은 세 가지 토양 유형에서 평가하였다. 본 연구 결과에서 세 가지 토양 사례 모두, 누설 레일리파의 에너지와 토양 수분 사이에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 보였다. 그러나 모래에서 얻은 동적 매개변수의 특성은 실트 및 점토의 특성과 다른 형태를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 미세한 토양 입자와 대조적으로 굵은 토양 입자는 증발 과정에서 감소된 토양 강도로 설명될 수 있다. 관측된 누설 레일리파에서 얻은 동적 매개변수를 기반으로 토양 수분을 평가하기 위해 랜덤 포레스트 모형을 이용하였다. 예측된 토양 수분의 정확도는 모든 데이터 및 토양 유형에 관계없이 높은 정확도를 보였다(R² ≥ 0.98, RMSE ≤ 0.0089 m³ m^-3). 즉, 본 연구에서는 레일리파가 토양 교란 없이 토양 수분 변화를 지속적으로 평가할 수 있는 큰 잠재력을 가지고 있음을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.388-398
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• 2020

Watermelon yield mainly depends on soil water content controlled by irrigation in a plastic greenhouse. In this study, we investigated the effect of different soil moisture contents affected by irrigation starting point on growth, yield, and physiological responses of small-sized watermelons. Irrigation was initiated at 5 different levels of soil water content as a starting point with soil moisture detecting sensor after 14 days of transplanting, and stopped at 7 ~ 10 days before harvest. These treatments were compared with the conventional periodic irrigation as control. When soil had the lowest moisture content (-50 kPa), the overall shoot growth was retarded, but the root length and root dry weight increased. The photosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate) of watermelon leaves decreased significantly in the lowest soil moisture content (-50 kPa). On the other hand, the photosynthetic rates of watermelon leaves grown with irrigation starting point between -20 and -40 kPa were observed to be higher than those of other treatments. Fruit set rate and marketable fruit yield increased significantly at -30 kPa and -40 kPa. Proline, abscisic acid (ABA), total phenol and citrulline, which are known to contribute to stress tolerance under drought condition, increased as soil water content decreased, particularly, the largest increases were recorded at -50 kPa. From these results, it was found that an appropriate water supply adjusted with an irrigation starting point between -30 and -40 kPa could help to keep favorable soil water content during the cultivation of small-sized watermelons, promoting the marketable fruit production as well as inducing the vigorous plant growth and reproductive development.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2006

Tomatoes were experimented in perlite bags for various irrigation control methods to elucidate the efficient method for nutrient solution management. The irrigation control methods were for 3 different types such as control by drainage level sensor (PROBE), control by integrated solar radiation (ISR), and control by time clock (Timer). The substrate weight was maintained stably in the proper range in PROBE treatment, regardless of daily solar radiations or growth stages. The bed weights in the treatments of ISR and Timer were changed largely. Growth as well as total yield was the highest in PROBE treatment. There was no difference in soluble solids (Brix %) among the treatments. Consequently, ISR control could be useful only with appropriate timer control and also calibration. Control by drainage level sensor was suggested to be the most satisfactory as irrigation management method.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 2009

Due to increasing concerns over issues with both water quantity and quality for turfgrass use, research was conducted to determine the response of five warm-season turfgrasses to deficit irrigation and to gain a better understanding of relative drought tolerance. St. Augustinegrass(Stenotaphrum secundatum [Walt.] Kuntze.) cultivars 'Floratam' and 'Palmetto', 'SeaIsle 1' seashore Paspalum(Paspalum vaginatumSwartz.), 'Empire' zoysiagrass(Zoysia japonica Steud.), and 'Pensacola' bahiagrass(Paspalum notatum Flugge) were established in lysimeters in the University of Florida Envirotron greenhouse facility in Gainesville. Irrigation was applied at100%, 80%, 60%, or 40% of evapotranspiration(ET). Evaluations included: a) shoot quality, leaf rolling, leaf firing; b) leaf relative water content(RWC), soil moisture content, chlorophyll content index(CCI), canopy photosynthesis(PS); c) multispectral reflectance(MSR); d) root distribution; and e) water use efficiency. Grasses irrigated at 100% and 80% of ET had no differences in visual quality, leaf rolling, leaf firing, RWC, CCI, and PS. Grasses irrigated at 60% of ET had higher values in physiological aspects than grasses irrigated at 40% of ET. 'Sealsle 1' and 'Palmetto' had a deeper root system than 'Empire' and 'Pensacola', while 'Floratam' had the least amount of root mass. Photosynthesis was positively correlated with visual assessments such as turf quality, leaf rolling, leaf firing, and sensor-based measurements such as CCI, soil moisture, and MSR. Reducing the amount of applied water by 20% did not reduce turfgrass quality and maintained acceptable physiological functioning.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.254-262
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• 1998

Multilayer Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films coated on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) of octa-substituted metallophhtalocyanines ($MPc(OEH)_8$, M = Cu, Co, and Sn) and dihydrogen phthalocyanines ($H_2Pc(OEH)_8$) were used to quantify $NO_2$ concentrations. They were exposed to various concentrations of $NO_2$ in dry $N_2$. Among the four phthalocyanines we tested, the metal-free $H_2Pc(OEH)_8$ was observed to be most sensitive to $NO_2$. However, its LB film showed a partially irreversible behavior, that is part of the frequency change due to $NO_2$ adsorption could not be recovered even after purging with pure $N_2$ gas for an extended period. Examining the spectra of NMR and FTIR revealed fact that the irreversible portion of frequency change was due to ether groups in the linkage between side chains and the Pc unit. In order to remove the effect of such initial deactivation, on $NO_2$ quantification experiment, a freshly fabricated LB film was treated at a high concentration of $NO_2$ so that the ether sites were saturated. A pretreated LB film showed a reproducible performance for repeated uses. The $CuPc(OEH)_8$ LB film showed a satisfactory sensing performance down to as low as 4 ppm. For the $H_2Pc(OEH)_8$ LB film, the lower detection limit was found to be 35ppb of $NO_2$. In order to make the experimental condition more realistic, the carrier gas, dry nitrogen, was replaced by air. It was observed that the presence of oxygen, a weak electron acceptor, reduced the sensitivity and thus increased the sensing limit to hundreds of ppb. Results of experiments with moisture added showed that the interference of moisture was quite severe.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.133-140
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• 2020

Traction performance of a tractor varies depending on soil conditions. Sinkage and slip of the driving wheel for tractor frequently occur in a reclaimed land. The objective of this study was to develop a tractor suitable for a reclaimed land. Traction performance was evaluated according to soil conditions of reclaimed land and paddy field. Field experiments were conducted at two test sites (Fields A: paddy field; and Field B: reclaimed land). The tractor load measurement system was composed of an axle rotation speed sensor, a torque meter, a six-component load cell, GPS, and a DAQ (Data Acquisition System). Soil properties including soil texture, water content, cone index, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. Referring to previous researches, the tractor traveling speed was set to B3 (7.05 km/h), which was frequently used in ridge plow tillage. Soil moisture contents were 33.2% and 48.6% in fields A and B, respectively. Cone index was 2.1 times higher in field A than in field B. When working in the reclaimed land, slip ratios were about 10.5% and 33.1% for fields A and B, respectively. The engine load was used almost 100% of all tractors under the two field conditions. Traction powers were 31.9 kW and 24.2 kW for fields A and B, respectively. Tractive efficiencies were 83.3% and 54.4% for fields A and B, respectively. As soil moisture increased by 16.4%, the tractive efficiency was lowered by about 28.9%. Traction performance of tractor was significantly different according to soil conditions of fields A and B. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the traction performance of tractor for smooth operations in all soil conditions including a reclaimed land by reflecting data of this study.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.655-665
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to compare the cultivation environment, growth of cut flowers, and management performance of conventional farms and smart farms growing the standard cut chrysanthemum, 'Jinba'. Methods: Conventional and smart farms were selected, and facility information, cultivation environment, cut flower growth, and management performance were investigated. Results: The conventional and smart farms were located in Muan, Jeollanam-do, and conventional farming involved cultivating with soil culture in a plastic greenhouse, while the smart farm was cultivating with hydroponics in a plastic greenhouse. The conventional farm did not have sensors for environmental measurement such as light intensity and temperature and pH and EC sensors for fertigation, and all systems, including roof window, side window, thermal screen, and shading curtain, were operated manually. On the other hand, the smart farm was equipped with sensors for measuring the environment and nutrient solution, and was automatically controlled. The day and night mean temperatures, relative humidity, and solar radiation in the facilities of the conventional and the smart farm were managed similarly. But in the floral differentiation stage, the floral differentiation was delayed, as the night temperature of conventional farm was managed as low as 17.7℃ which was lower than smart farm. Accordingly, the harvest of cut flowers by the conventional farm was delayed to 35 days later than that of the smart farm. Also, soil moisture and EC of the conventional farm were unnecessarily kept higher than those of the smart farm in the early growth stage, and then were maintained relatively low during the period after floral differentiation, when a lot of water and nutrients were required. Therefore, growth of cut flower, cut flower length, number of leaves, flower diameter, and weight were poorer in the conventional farm than in the smart farm. In terms of management performance, yield and sales price were 10% and 38% higher for the smart farm than for the conventional farm, respectively. Also, the net income was 2,298 thousand won more for the smart farm than for the conventional farm. Conclusion: It was suggested that the improved growth of cut flowers and high management performance of the smart farm were due to precise environment management for growth by the automatic control and sensor.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2024

This study aimed to develop a precise vegetation cover classification model for small streams using the combination of drone remote sensing and support vector machine (SVM) techniques. The chosen study area was the Idong stream, nestled within Geosan-gun, Chunbuk, South Korea. The initial stage involved image acquisition through a fixed-wing drone named ebee. This drone carried two sensors: the S.O.D.A visible camera for capturing detailed visuals and the Sequoia+ multispectral sensor for gathering rich spectral data. The survey meticulously captured the stream's features on August 18, 2023. Leveraging the multispectral images, a range of vegetation indices were calculated. These included the widely used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) that factors in soil background, and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) for identifying water bodies. The third stage saw the development of an SVM model based on the calculated vegetation indices. The RBF kernel was chosen as the SVM algorithm, and optimal values for the cost (C) and gamma hyperparameters were determined. The results are as follows: (a) High-Resolution Imaging: The drone-based image acquisition delivered results, providing high-resolution images (1 cm/pixel) of the Idong stream. These detailed visuals effectively captured the stream's morphology, including its width, variations in the streambed, and the intricate vegetation cover patterns adorning the stream banks and bed. (b) Vegetation Insights through Indices: The calculated vegetation indices revealed distinct spatial patterns in vegetation cover and moisture content. NDVI emerged as the strongest indicator of vegetation cover, while SAVI and NDWI provided insights into moisture variations. (c) Accurate Classification with SVM: The SVM model, fueled by the combination of NDVI, SAVI, and NDWI, achieved an outstanding accuracy of 0.903, which was calculated based on the confusion matrix. This performance translated to precise classification of vegetation, soil, and water within the stream area. The study's findings demonstrate the effectiveness of drone remote sensing and SVM techniques in developing accurate vegetation cover classification models for small streams. These models hold immense potential for various applications, including stream monitoring, informed management practices, and effective stream restoration efforts. By incorporating images and additional details about the specific drone and sensors technology, we can gain a deeper understanding of small streams and develop effective strategies for stream protection and management.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 2024

This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of using Fe-activated wood-derived biochar as a conductive filler for manufacturing cement-based strain sensor. To evaluate the compressive and electrical properties of cement composite with 3% Fe-activated biochar, three cubic specimens of size 50 x 50 x 50mm³ and three prismatic cement-based sensors of size 40 x 40 x 80mm³ were prepared respectively. The four-probe method of electrical resistance measurement was used for cement-based sensors. For cement-based sensors with FE-activated biochar, the conductive performance such as electrical resistance and impedance under different water content and repeated compression was investigated. Results showed that the fractional changes in the DC electrical resistivity of cement-based sensors increase with increasing time and the maximum fractional changes in the resistivity decrease with increasing the moisture contents during 900s. At moisture content of 7.5% range, the conductive performance of cement composite including 3% Fe-activated biochar as a conductive filler showed the most stable, while the strain detection ability tended to decrease somewhat as the repeated compressive stress increased between repeated compressive strain and fractional change in resistivity (FCR).