• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2010

As ongoing construction of a new municipal government building leads to the destruction of the interior of the Kyungsung Municipal Government Building(currentlySeoul Metropolitan City Hall) despite its enormous historic value, this study aims to identify the unique features of spatial composition and interior design of the Kyungsung Municipal Government Building, which is widely known as a typical example of public architecture of the 1920s. The primary goal is to perform a systemic arrangement of its interior data and define the modern historic implications of its interior design, thereby laying the foundation for a compilation of the history of modern interior design. From a historical perspective, the Kyungsung Municipal Government Building-an explicit symbol of Japanese colonial supremacy-has served as the administrative hub of a hugecity for 19 years during the Japanese colonial rule and for 64 years following Korea's independence from Japan. From the perspective of architectural history, it also represents modern transitional buildingsin their shift from historicism into modernism, as manifested by its reasonable placement of interior space matching well with topographical form, easy access by citizens, open office space, and, excluding decoration, a simple and non-authoritarian exterior. Its interior design style follows Western historicist architecture, whereasits simple interior decoration embodies expressive characteristics of pragmatic simplicity. Such elements are notably found in the Grand Central Hall, the Municipal Head's Reception Room, and the Grand Conference Room.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 1979

The objective of this study was to examine antique furniture in the cultural tradition. Through a survey of use and interest in antique furniture for modern living. the methodology included a review of literature in order to determine characteristics of wood furnitures of the Yi-dynasty. A survey of use and interest in antique furniture for modern living was also conducted. The study of interest in antique furniture was limited to five factors of sociopsychological variables : traditional, aesthetic , status symbolic ,economic, and fashionable. Questionnaires were given to the randomly selected men and women in Seoul. Data from 289 respondents were analyzed by $X^{2}$, analysis of variances and correlation. The results were 1) Wood furniture of the Yi-dynasty continued to be of practical usefulness, Antique furniture, therefore, had multiful functional , practical , and aesthetic usefulness in modern living. 2) Interest in antique furniture today was not related to possession or nonpossession, age, and occupation but was related to educational level and socioeconomic status. Suggestions for further research include the study of the organized history of Korean furniture in form, color, materials , and texture. And also included the use additional factors in further research on the study of interest in antique furniture.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.86-100
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• 2005

This paper has examined how ugliness has aesthetically been portrayed in modern make-up. In the past, ugliness was regarded as an antonym of beauty, but it recently plays a role on part of beauty, as independent portion of art. It was Schegel who initially maintained the view. According to his theory, ugliness represents interesting things including suffering reality, shock, attention, humor, surprises brought by distort and deformation. Hegel had a different view on it. As for him, he had the notion that ugliness was the opposite to beauty and that it had to be dependent in art, he argued that art was subordinate to philosophy, and that it was just nostalgia for the past, not representing reality, therefore, it could not be a foothold in contemporary art. In this context, some images of ugliness can be classified accordingly to Schegel's view deteste, decadence and androgynous can be fallen into a category describing reality; fetish, kitsch and grotesque can be included in interesting things. There is no fine line between the two. There are sometimes things they have in common. They mutually draw attentions by distancing themselves from general images of beauty, or making many changes and distorts in its part, using unique materials, unprecedented attempts of colors which result in creative and shocking images. Attempts made in ugly images in modern art are widening its concept to depicting reality on the body of human beings, also creating its new definition, playing a major role in independent part of modern art, not in the past way like wearing make-up on the face to make it look better.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2020

Stereotactic radiosurgery is one of the most sophisticated forms of modern advanced radiation therapy. Unlike conventional fractionated radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery uses a high dose of radiation with steep gradient precisely delivered to target lesions. Lars Leksell presented the principle of radiosurgery in 1951. Gamma Knife^® (GK) is the first radiosurgery device used in clinics, and the first patient was treated in the winter of 1967. The first GK unit had 179 cobalt 60 sources distributed on a hemispherical surface. A patient could move only in a single direction. Treatment planning was performed manually and took more than a day. The latest model, Gamma Knife^® Icon^TM, shares the same principle but has many new dazzling characteristics. In this article, first, a brief history of radiosurgery was described. Then, the physical properties of modern radiosurgery machines and physicists' endeavors to assure the quality of radiosurgery were described. Intrinsic characteristics of modern radiosurgery devices such as small fields, steep dose distribution producing sharp penumbra, and multi-directionality of the beam were reviewed together with the techniques to assess the accuracy of these devices. The reference conditions and principles of GK dosimetry given in the most recent international standard protocol, International Atomic Energy Agency TRS 483, were shortly reviewed, and several points needing careful revisions were highlighted. Understanding the principles and physics of radiosurgery will be helpful for modern medical physicists.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.109-117
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• 2019

Since 'Hanok Expanse Support' has been started in Seoul, its target was expanded from renovation to new construction and from 'Hanok District' to all area in Seoul. The newly built hanok with Hanok Expanse Support had to follow the standards about the form of the hanok and adapt to modern lifestyle. However, the newly built hanok were planned with 'kan' since it retained the traditional wooden structure. So their composition of kan were considered to be influenced by the standards of each district and modern lifestyle. Therefore the aim of this study is to understand the architectural characteristics of newly built hanok in Seoul since 2000 focusing on the kan composition. Because of the differences in site conditions and the district unit plan, newly built hanok in Hanok District have more limited changes than Other District. However, kan is composed variously in horizontal and vertical ways to make the most space according to site conditions and most of the newly built hanok have opened courtyard rather than closed courtyard layout. With kan composition in various directions and kan added under the eaves, kan is highlighted in form. On the other hand, the composition of kan as an interior spatial element has changed and weakened because the lifestyle has changed compared to the traditional hanok and the 20th century urban hanok. Also the regular kan composition of Mom-chae and Nalgae-chae has changed. And kan is divided regardless to the wooden structure. Also, with the added kan under the eaves the main kan is dismantled inside. This paper indicates that although there is an undeniable premise that the case is restricted to hanok received Hanok Expanse Support on the condition of following the standards of the form of hanok, it is a part of the transitional changes that hanok is experiencing.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.3 s.16
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• pp.53-66
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• 1998

In the meantime, the study of traditional and contemporary house had been produced so many achievements in korea, but modern house is yet to be solved, Accordingly, It is necessary to develop and present the basic research data in order to build up an objective study for urban house in the modern age(1910-1945), Following to a study on the foreigner's house in grid-type settlement of Open Ports, in this research is to investigate and analyze modern houses of urban areas in korean inland, and then clarify types and changes of them. In the first year($1995{\sim}96$), the modern houses of Central Inland Districts(arrounding river Kumgang)-Kunsan kanggyong Puyo Kongju Pugang Chongju were investigated by the layout of room, the construction and materials, the design and style, etc. In the second year($1996{\sim}97$), the modern houses of Open Market(開市場)-Seoul Taegu Kwangju Taejon Chonju were conducted to investigate as above. The traditional house transformed by differentiation and addition of room(kan), the various types were respectively adopted for the korean reforming and western cultural house. In the layout of room, the types of plan were gradually concentrated from the single wings of korean traditional house. The korean traditional house was later improved through the introduction of entrance, corridor, and internal toilet/bathroom. But the korean under-floor heating system(andal) and a series of three rooms had been entirely maintained, composed of master bedroom/living room(daechung)/room. And the traditional town house with shop and storage, being built closely to each other and walled up both sides, it had taken gradually the extensive characteristics in itself. By the displacement of shop/dwelling/ storage. the various types were respectively adopted for the separated, multi-storied, and complex type. The type of them was gradually changed to the narrow and linear form. And so with the stockpile of fundamental datas about modern houses in korean urban areas, we expect these results contribute to the knowledge of the spatial characteristics of urban house at present which are required to the understanding of transition as well as types.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.3 s.16
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• pp.87-105
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• 1998

Surveying the literature of architecture since the nineteenth century, one can identify two dominant but problematic attitudes, among several, that pursue the task of defining what modern architecture is and should be. The first is the search for meaning and the second is the pursuit of form. This study, following Michel Foucault, asserts that the dual formation of meaning and form is a historical product of modernity and belies architecture's uncritical dependence on language since the nineteenth century. This study is a critique and historical analysis of this pernicious reliance, and constitutes a first step towards thinking of alternative relations between 'words and architecture' in the modern world. In reconstructing this problematic, the paper has called on Foucault's seminal The Order of Things. The study follows his construction of the Renaissance, the Classical and the Modern episteme, and in brief fashion, reconstructs the relation between language and architecture in each episteme. In analysing the Modern, the study focuses on Hegel's Lectures on Aesthetics. Hegel placed architecture in a genre hierarchy within which architecture, because of its material basis, was fundamentally limited in its ability to express the Spirit. For Hegel it was, among the arts, poetic language, and beyond art, the language of philosophy, through which the Absolute Spirit could be atttained. Much of post-nineteenth century architecture has remained within the shadow of Hegel, where architecture's materiality is perceived to be a burden, and in order to secure its relevance in modern society, architecture was deemed to pursue the role of language. As the most recent and sophisticated example of architecture's pursuit of form, the paper analyses the work of Peter Eisenman. Though Eisenman's theoretical writings are replete with post-Hegelian rhetoric, his architecture remains dependent upon the model of language, albeit a structuralist one. The paper concludes that ultimately, the pursuit of meaning and form is unable to face the crucial issue of value in modernity. While the former decides to easily what it is, the latter evades the issue itself. The second installment of this ongoing study will pursue a third possibility alluded to by Foucault, where language remains silent, pointing only to its 'ponderous' material existence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.7
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• pp.47-60
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• 2010

The goal of this dissertation is to analyze various Romantic styles appearing in modern fashion based upon the 'Difference' theory developed by Gilles Deleuze. A new framework for analyzing the changes of dress style based upon the 'Difference' theory derived from Deleuze's theory and from his interpretations of paintings was developed. The characteristics that represent 'difference' in change of dress style are deformation and hybridization. They are derived from the Deleuze's interpretations of 'difference' represented in the paintings by Bacon. The aesthetic values of the Romantic style in the 19th century dress are subordination, sensuality, and maternity. And the formative characteristics of the Romantic style dress are suppression of body, fixed form, volume, and ornamentation. The formative characteristics of the Romantic style that have appeared since 1980s is analyzed according to deformation and hybridization and the results are as follows: first, deformation caused by exaggeration or emphasis in the modern Romantic fashion creates changeability of the form, destruction of the 19th century style, volume, and ornamentation. Second, hybridization by combining heterogeneous characteristic between times and genders (for example, the 19th century and modern times or masculinity and femininity) frees body from the dress and changes the dress silhouettes and ornamentation. Thus totally new and different Romantic style is created. The Romantic style in modern fashion changed into the appropriate style to the modern society under various conditions such as designer's will, postmodernism, changes of femininity and technology. It can be said that this is an example of the Deleuze's 'becoming' theory.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2013

This aim of this study is to support the value criteria that citizen evaluate themselves it when they found modern heritages in their town. To understand the changing of value criteria for the cultural heritage, we have to begin from early 20 century that were, however, diversified after 80's. As a result, early they evaluated with the architectural and aesthetic value mainly, after they evaluated with the social-cultural value and academical value, and nowadays they try to include the economical value and educational value. So this study rearranged and divided that value with the preservation and using value. The preservation value include the historical value, aesthetic value, social-cultural value and academical value, and the using value include the economical value and educational value. The criteria, however, don't have the equal importance, This study try to redefine relative importance score with paired comparison. As a result, Historical value is proved that most important criteria, but aesthetic value got the score lower than social-cultural value, and similar with academical values. And in using values, economical value and educational value got the low score. It means that if some researcher insist about the importance of economical value, it should evaluate lower than preservation values. This study insist that we have to include diversified values and that values have relatives score. Actually, now we mostly evaluate with the architecture and aesthetic values about modern heritage, so we are losing a lot of modern heritage. If we include the diversified values, social-cultural, academical and educational value, we can conserve our important modern heritage and revitalizing town with tourism of historical heritage.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.41-52
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the historical development of high-rise buildings-promoting policies in Seoul in terms of modern urban redevelopment. The results of this study were as follows; The maximum height of the buildings has been limited by National codes since 1934. But at the same time, Seoul Metropolitan government had limited the minimum building floors of roadside buildings through local regulations after the Korean War. The high-rise city had been regarded as a means of beautifying Seoul for a long time. However since the 2000s, the minimum height limit for buildings was removed from local regulations and the concept of high-rise restrictions was no longer significant as before.