• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.253-266
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• 2020

The extended slip-weakening model was investigated by using a compiled set of source-spectrum-related parameters, i.e. seismic moment M_o, S-wave velocity V_s, corner-frequency f_c, and source-controlled high-cut frequency fmax, for 113 shallow crustal earthquakes (focal depth less than 25 km, M_W 3.0~7.5) that occurred in Japan from 1987 to 2016. The investigation was focused on the characteristics of stress drop, radiation energy-to-seismic moment ratio, radiation efficiency, and fracture energy release rate, G_c. The scaling relationships of those source parameters were also investigated and compared with those in previous studies, which were based on generally used singular models with the dimensionless numbers corresponding to f_c given by Brune and Madariaga. The results showed that the stress drop from the singular model with Madariaga's dimensionless number was equivalent to the breakdown stress drop, as well as Brune's effective stress, rather than to static stress drop as has been usually assumed. The scale dependence of stress drop showed a different tendency in accordance with the size category of the earthquakes, which may be divided into small-moderate earthquakes and moderate-large earthquakes by comparing to M_o = 10¹⁷~10¹⁸ Nm. The scale dependence was quite similar to that shown by Kanamori and Rivera. The scale dependence was not because of a poor dynamic range of recorded signals or missing data as asserted by Ide and Beroza, but rather it was because of the scale dependent V_r-induced local similarity of spectrum as shown in a previous study by the authors. The energy release rate G_c with respect to breakdown distance D_c from the extended slip-weakening model coincided with that given by Ellsworth and Beroza in a study on the rupture nucleation phase; and the empirical relationship given by Abercrombie and Rice can represent the results from the extended slip-weakening model, the results from laboratory stick-slip experiments by Ohnaka, and the results given by Ellsworth and Beroza simultaneously. Also the energy flux into the breakdown zone was well correlated with the breakdown stress drop, ${\tilde{e}}$ and peak slip velocity of the fault faces. Consequently, the investigation results indicate the appropriateness of the extended slip-weakening model.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.217-228
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 9.12 경주지진이 발생한 경주시를 대상으로 AHP와 GIS를 사용하여 지진취약성지도를 작성하고 이를 평가하였다. 지질공학적, 물리적, 사회적, 구조적, 수용적 요인을 주요지표로 선정하였으며, 이와 관련된 18개의 하위지표를 선정하여 공간데이터베이스로 구축하였다. AHP를 사용하여 도출된 가중치는 18개 하위 지표에 적용되었으며, 이를 기반으로 5가지 주요지표의 취약성 지도를 생성하였다. 생성된 5개의 지도에 가중치를 부여한 후, 이를 중첩하여 최종 결과물인 지진취약성지도를 생성하였다. 취약성 지도는 5개의 범주(safe, low, moderate, high, very high)로 분류하였으며, 경주시 전체 면적 중 3%가 아주 높음(very high), 19%가 안전(safe) 지역으로 나타났다. 행정동 기준으로는 중부동, 황오동, 황성동, 성건동, 동천동이 위험지역으로, 보덕동, 강동면, 양북면, 양남면, 외동읍이 안전지역으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 작성된 지진취약성지도는 사전에 취약지역을 파악함으로써 지진 재해로 인한 피해를 최소화하고, 지진 재해 관련 정책 수립 시 중요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2006

본 연구는 미중부지역의 New Madrid 지역에서 일반적으로 존재하는 다경간 PSC 교량의 지진거동을 평가하였다. 지진 해석은 비선형 교량모델과 인공지진파를 사용하여 수행하였으며, 인공지진파는 50년 동안 발생확률이 10%와 2%의 두 가지 수준을 사용하였다. 10%의 지진파에 대해서는 해석교량은 양호한 응답을 보였으나, 2%의 지진파에 대해서는 비선형 거동을 보이면 응답이 좋지 않았다. 바닥판사이의 충돌로 인하여 기둥의 요구량이 증가하였으며 교량받침의 파손이 발생하였다. 또한 PSC 거더를 연속화하면 매우 만족한 응답의 개선효과가 있었으며, 이러한 연속화는 유지보수의 절감 및 사하중에 의한 모멘트의 감소를 위해서 일반적으로 행해지는 것이다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.327-346
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• 2016

The 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquakes struck a highly industrialized area including several thousands of industrial prefabricated buildings. Due to the lack of specific design and detailing for earthquake resistance, precast reinforced concrete (RC) buildings suffered from severe damages and even partial or total collapses in many cases. The present study reports a data inventory of damages from field survey on prefabricated buildings. The damage database concerns more than 1400 buildings (about 30% of the total precast building stock in the struck region). Making use of the available shakemaps of the two mainshocks, damage distributions were related with distance from the nearest epicentre and corresponding Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration for a period of 1 second (PSA at 1 s) or Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). It was found that about 90% of the severely damaged to collapsed buildings included into the database stay within 16 km from the epicentre and experienced a PSA larger than 0.12 g. Moreover, 90% of slightly to moderately damaged buildings are located at less than 25 km from the epicentre and were affected by a PSA larger than 0.06 g. Nevertheless, the undamaged buildings examined are almost uniformly distributed over the struck region and 10% of them suffered a PSA not lower than 0.19g. The damage distributions in terms of the maximum experienced PGA show a sudden increase for $PGA{\geq}0.28g$. In this PGA interval, 442 buildings were collected in the database; 55% of them suffered severe damages up to collapse, 32% reported slight to moderate damages, whereas the remaining 13% resulted undamaged.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.789-830
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• 2015

The recent re-assessment of the seismic hazard in Europe led for many regions of low to moderate seismicity to an increase in the seismic demand. As a consequence, several modern unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings, constructed with reinforced concrete (RC) slabs that provide an efficient rigid diaphragm action, no longer satisfy the seismic design check and have been retrofitted by adding or replacing URM walls with RC walls. Of late, also several new construction projects have been conceived directly as buildings with both RC and URM walls. Despite the widespread use of such construction technique, very little is known about the seismic behaviour of mixed RC-URM wall structures and codes do not provide adequate support to designers. The aim of the paper is therefore to propose a displacement-based design methodology for the design of mixed RC-URM edifices and the retrofit of URM buildings by replacing or adding selected URM walls with RC ones. The article describes also two tools developed for estimating important quantities relevant for the displacement-based design of structures with both RC and URM walls. The tools are (i) a mechanical model based on the shear-flexure interaction between URM and RC walls and (ii) an elastic model for estimating the contribution of the RC slabs to the overturning moment capacity of the system. In the last part of the article the proposed design method is verified through nonlinear dynamic analyses of several case studies. These results show that the proposed design approach has the ability of controlling the displacement profile of the designed structures, avoiding concentration of deformations in one single storey, a typical feature of URM wall structures.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.689-697
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• 2017

Nowadays, there are a great number of various structures that have been retrofitted by using different FRP Composites. Due to this, more researches need to be conducted to know more the characteristics of these structures, not only that but also a comparison among them before and after the retrofitting is needed. In this research, a model steel structure is tested using a bench-scale earthquake simulator on the shake table, using recorded micro tremor data, in order to get the dynamic behaviors. Beams of the model steel structure are then retrofitted by using CFRP composite, and then tested on the Quanser shake table by using the recorded micro tremor data. At this stage, it is needed to evaluate the dynamic behaviors of the retrofitted model steel structure. Various types of methods of OMA, such as EFDD, SSI, etc. are used to take action in the ambient responses. Having a purpose to learn more about the effects of FRP composite, experimental model analysis of both types (retrofitted and no-retrofitted models) is conducted to evaluate their dynamic behaviors. There is a provision of ambient excitation to the shake table by using recorded micro tremor ambient vibration data on ground level. Furthermore, the Enhanced Frequency Domain decomposition is used through output-only modal identification. At the end of this study, moderate correlation is obtained between mode shapes, periods and damping ratios. The aim of this research is to show and determine the effects of CFRP Composite implementation on structural responses of the model steel structure, in terms of changing its dynamical behaviors. The frequencies for model steel structure and the retrofitted model steel structure are shown to be 34.43% in average difference. Finally, it is shown that, in order to evaluate the period and rigidity of retrofitted structures, OMA might be used.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.75-86
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• 1999

지진하중에 의한 상부구조의 낙교는 최근 발생된 지진등에서 알수 있듯이 교각파되와 더불어 교량의 전체적인 붕괴를 유발하는 주요한 원인 것으로 나타났으며 또한 충돌현상은 이러한 낙교를 발생시키는 주된요인인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 충돌현상을 비롯한 교량의 교축방향거동에 영향을 미치는 인자 즉 교각의 비선형성 기초의회전 및 병진운동 교대의 작용 등을 고려하고 최근 낙교방지대책으로 널리 적용되고 있는 restrainer로 보강된 교량시스템의 거동을 해석할 수 있는 모형을 개발하였다 개발된 해석모형을 바탕으로 다양한 지진하중에 의한 교량시스템의 교축방향 거동특성과 restrainer의 보강효과를 분석하였으며 restrainer의 여유길이와 강성변화에 따른 인접 진동계간의 응답특성을 분석하였다 restrainer의 보강효과를 분석하였으며 restrainer의 여유길이와 강성변화에 따른 인접진동계간의 응답특성을 분석하였다. restrainer로 보강된 교량시스템의 충돌에 따른 응답특성을 살펴본 결과 응답의 크기뿐만아니라 응답의 이력자체가 상이한 거동특성을 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 restrainer의 보강에 따른 변위억제효과는 중진의 경우 restrainer의 여유길이 짧을수록 restrainer의 강성이 클수록 뛰어난 것으로 나타났으나 강진에서는 restrainer의 파단에 대한 대책을 함께 고려하여야 할 것으로 분석되었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.567-580
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• 2020

In this paper, irregularly designed planar reinforced concrete wall structures are investigated computationally. For this purpose, structures consisting of four regular and irregular models of short-order (two-class) and intermediate (five-class) types have been investigated. The probabilistic evaluation of seismic damage of these structures has been performed by using the incremental inelastic dynamic analysis to produce the seismic fragility curve at different levels of damage. The fragility curves are based on two classes of maximum damage indices and the Jeong-Nansha three-dimensional damage index. It was found that there is a significant increase in damage probability in irregular structures compared to regular ones. The rate of increase was higher in moderate and extensive damage levels. Also, the amount of damage calculated using the two damage indices shows that the Jeong-Nensha three-dimensional damage index in these types of structures provides superior results.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제9권2호통권42호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2005

점탄성감쇠기가 설치된 구조물의 통합최적설계기법 및 비용효율성 평가기법을 제시하였다. 구조부재와 점탄성감쇠기의 사용량을 설계변수로 하여, 생애주기비용을 최소화하도록 최적화문제를 정식화하였으며, 유전자알고리즘을 적용하여 최적의 설계변수를 검색하였다. 수치예제에 대한 통합최적설계 수행 결과를 통해 지반운동 특성에 따른 점탄성감쇠기의 최적배치 및 각 층 강성의 최적분포 경향을 분석하였으며, 점탄성감쇠기가 설치되지 않은 구조시스템과의 생애주기비용 비교를 통하여 비용효율성을 평가하였다. 점탄성감쇠기는 특히 중약진지역에서 높은 비용효율성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권6호
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• pp.423-437
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• 2005

In this study two single-bay, three-storey space frames, one with brick masonry infill in the second and third floors representing a soft-storey frame and the other without infill were designed and their 1:3 scale models were constructed according to non-seismic detailing and the similitude law. The models were excited with an intensity of earthquake motion as specified in the form of response spectrum in Indian seismic code IS 1893-2002 using a shake table. The seismic responses of the soft-storey frame such as fundamental frequency, mode shape, base shear and stiffness were compared with that of the bare frame. It was observed that the presence of open ground floor in the soft-storey infilled frame reduced the natural frequency by 30%. The shear demand in the soft-storey frame was found to be more than two and a half times greater than that in the bare frame. From the mode shape it was found that, the bare frame vibrated in the flexure mode whereas the soft-storey frame vibrated in the shear mode. The frames were tested to failure and the damaged soft-storey frame was retrofitted with concrete jacketing and, subjected to same earthquake motions as the original frames. Pushover analysis was carried out using the software package SAP 2000 to validate the test results. The performance point was obtained for all the frames under study, therefore the frames were found to be adequate for gravity loads and moderate earthquakes. It was concluded that the global nonlinear seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill can be adequately simulated using static nonlinear pushover analysis.