• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.53-84
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• 2013

With rapid development of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), new services by the convergence of mobile network and application technology began to appear. Today, smart phone with new ICT convergence network capabilities is exceedingly popular and very useful as a new tool for the development of business opportunities. Previous studies based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) suggested critical factors, which should be considered for acquiring new customers and maintaining existing users in smart phone market. However, they had a limitation to focus on technology acceptance, not value based approach. Prior studies on customer's adoption of electronic utilities like smart phone product showed that the antecedents such as the perceived benefit and the perceived sacrifice could explain the causality between what is perceived and what is acquired over diverse contexts. So, this research conceptualizes perceived value as a trade-off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice, and we need to research the perceived value to grasp user's continuous intention to use of smart phone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structured relationship between benefit (quality, usefulness, playfulness) and sacrifice (technicality, cost, security risk) of smart phone users, perceived value, and continuous intention to use. In addition, this study intends to analyze the differences between two subgroups of smart phone users by the degree of personal innovativeness. Personal innovativeness could help us to understand the moderating effect between how perceptions are formed and continuous intention to use smart phone. This study conducted survey through e-mail, direct mail, and interview with smart phone users. Empirical analysis based on 330 respondents was conducted in order to test the hypotheses. First, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived usefulness among three factors of perceived benefit has the highest positive impact on perceived value, and then followed by perceived playfulness and perceived quality. Second, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived cost among three factors of perceived sacrifice has significantly negative impact on perceived value, however, technicality and security risk have no significant impact on perceived value. Also, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived value has significant direct impact on continuous intention to use of smart phone. In this regard, marketing managers of smart phone company should pay more attention to improve task efficiency and performance of smart phone, including rate systems of smart phone. Additionally, to test the moderating effect of personal innovativeness, this research conducted multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users. In a group with high level of innovativeness, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived playfulness was the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result of the group with high level of innovativeness explains that innovators and early adopters are able to cope with higher level of cost and risk, and they expect to develop more positive intentions toward higher performance through the use of an innovation. Also, hedonic behavior in the case of the group with low level of innovativeness aims to provide self-fulfilling value to the users, in contrast to utilitarian perspective, which aims to provide instrumental value to the users. However, with regard to perceived sacrifice, both groups in general showed negative impact on perceived value. Also, the group with high level of innovativeness had less overall negative impact on perceived value compared to the group with low level of innovativeness across all factors. In both group with high level of innovativeness and with low level of innovativeness, perceived cost has the highest negative influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with high level of innovativeness showed that perceived technicality was the positive factor to influence perceived value than others. However, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived security risk was the second high negative factor to influence perceived value than others. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on influencing factors on continuous intention to use of smart phone, rather than considering initial purchase and adoption of smart phone. First, perceived value, which was used to identify user's adoption behavior, has a mediating effect among perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, and continuous intention to use smart phone. Second, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value, while perceived cost has significant negative influence on perceived value. Third, perceived value, like prior studies, has high level of positive influence on continuous intention to use smart phone. Fourth, in multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users, perceived usefulness, in a group with high level of innovativeness, has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, perceived playfulness, in a group with low level of innovativeness, has the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result shows that early adopters intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their job useful, instead market followers intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their time enjoyable. In terms of marketing strategy for smart phone company, marketing managers should pay more attention to identify their customers' lifetime value by the phase of smart phone adoption, as well as to understand their behavior intention to accept the risk and uncertainty positively. The academic contribution of this study primarily is to employ the VAM (Value-based Adoption Model) as a conceptual foundation, compared to TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) used widely by previous studies. VAM is useful for understanding continuous intention to use smart phone in comparison with TAM as a new IT utility by individual adoption. Perceived value dominantly influences continuous intention to use smart phone. The results of this study justify our research model adoption on each antecedent of perceived value as a benefit and a sacrifice component. While TAM could be widely used in user acceptance of new technology, it has a limitation to explain the new IT adoption like smart phone, because of customer behavior intention to choose the value of the object. In terms of theoretical approach, this study provides theoretical contribution to the development, design, and marketing of smart phone. The practical contribution of this study is to suggest useful decision alternatives concerned to marketing strategy formulation for acquiring and retaining long-term customers related to smart phone business. Since potential customers are interested in both benefit and sacrifice when evaluating the value of smart phone, marketing managers in smart phone company has to put more effort into creating customer's value of low sacrifice and high benefit so that customers will continuously have higher adoption on smart phone. Especially, this study shows that innovators and early adopters with high level of innovativeness have higher adoption than market followers with low level of innovativeness, in terms of perceived usefulness and perceived cost. To formulate marketing strategy for smart phone diffusion, marketing managers have to pay more attention to identify not only their customers' benefit and sacrifice components but also their customers' lifetime value to adopt smart phone.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

Purpose - Augmented reality (AR) content used in mobile media today can accommodate a wide variety of contextual information. This indicates that making people experience a sense of presence and flow is a very significant factor in augmented reality content. Flow represents a rich immersion potential as representing the progress of emotion and the means to facilitate the operation of the smart phone. Therefore, users will have friendly relational continuance behavior with products and brands that supply this experience. Based on that, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among smart phone AR application traits, presence, flow experience, and relational continuance behavior. First, AR application traits are defined as three categories sensory immersion, navigation, and manipulation, based on preceding studies. This study then examines the influence of AR application traits on the presence and flow experience and looks into the relation among presence, flow experience, and relational continuance behavior. This analysis suggests more detailed and concentrated strategic implications. Research design, data, and methodology - A research model is designed to examine the relation among AR application traits, presence, flow experience, and relational continued behavior. For data collection, questionnaire surveys were composed of multi-items for each component and the direct interview method was used for the interviews. To collect the data, after running the smart phone AR applications, the consumer behaviors of the respondents were generally determined. The questionnaire surveys were conducted for one month, October 2014. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed with 278 questionnaires used for analysis, excluding the unanswered and insincere questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 20.0 and LISREL ver. 8.51. Results - The following results are found: First, AR application traits have a significantly positive effect on presence with sensory immersion, navigation, and manipulation all having a significantly positive effect. Second, sensory immersion and manipulation among the AR application traits have a significantly positive effect on flow. However, navigation did not have a significantly positive effect on flow. Third, presence has a significantly positive effect on flow and has a significantly positive effect on relational continuance behavior. Moreover, flow also has a significantly positive effect on relational continuance behavior. This behavior tends to be formed since brands want to encourage relational continuance behavior and positive emotions with the brands being used. Relational continuance behavior accompanies repeat purchasing, positive word-of-mouth and recommendation activities, and forms of trust with the brand. Conclusions - The research results showed that smart phone AR traits had significantly positive effect on presence, flow, and relational continuance behavior. Based on this, smart phone AR application providers should establish an aggressive marketing strategy to accommodate more realistic problems in order to positively influence user behavior. Additionally, the marketers should make efforts to provide fun or convenience in the AR application operation process of the user.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 PIFA(Planar Inverted F Antenna)의 방사부에 H형 슬릿을 부가하여 이중대 역 휴대이동전화기의 안테나 특성에 관하여 연구하였다. 안테나 방사부에 위치한 슬릿의 형태에 의하여 안테나의 임피던스의 리액턴스 성분에 영향과 공진 메카니즘을 변형함으로써 안테나의 공진특성에 영향을 준다. 그러므로 안테나는 이중대역(셀룰라 대역, 한국형 PCS 대역)에서 공진하며, 슬릿의 길이와 모양에 의해서 안테나의 대역폭, 입력 임피던스, 방사패턴 등에 영향을 미친다. 따라서 본 논문에서 제시한 이론의 타당성 및 객관성을 증명하기 위해서 H형의 슬릿을 이용하여 4종류의 안테나를 제작하여 실험한 결과 반사손실의 -5 dB 대역폭은 셀룰라 대역과 한국형 PCS 대역을 만족하였고, 안테나 이득은 약 -8$\~$-1 dB이며, x, y 편파에 대한 방사패턴은 대체적으로 전방향 방사패턴을 형성하였다. 따라서 본 논문의 결과를 이용함으로써 단말기용 내장용 안테나로 사용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2016

This paper presents a novel automatic white balance (AWB) algorithm for consumer imaging devices. While existing AWB methods require reference white patches to correct color, the proposed method performs the AWB function using only an input image in two steps: i) white point detection, and ii) color constancy gain computation. Based on the dark channel prior assumption, a white point or region can be accurately extracted, because the intensity of a sufficiently bright achromatic region is higher than that of other regions in all color channels. In order to finally correct the color, the proposed method computes color constancy gain values based on the Y component in the XYZ color space. Experimental results show that the proposed method gives better color-corrected images than recent existing methods. Moreover, the proposed method is suitable for real-time implementation, since it does not need a frame memory for iterative optimization. As a result, it can be applied to various consumer imaging devices, including mobile phone cameras, compact digital cameras, and computational cameras with coded color.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2017

모바일 기기 내부에 있는 전자부품들은 반도체 칩이나 그 밖의 여러 가지 재료로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 전자부품들은 매우 얇고, 구성된 재료들은 다양한 열팽창 계수를 가지고 있으므로 온도 변화나 외부 하중에 의해서 쉽게 굽힘이 일어난다. 그림자 무아레 방법은 비접촉으로 전체 영역에 걸친 면외변위를 측정하는 광학적 방법이지만 측정 감도를 $50{\mu}m/fringe$ 이내로 하기 어려워서 반도체 패키지의 굽힘변형을 측정하기에는 적당하지 않은 면이 있었다. 본 논문에서는 그림자 무아레 기법의 여러 실험조건들을 최적화하여 $25{\mu}m/fringe$의 향상된 감도를 갖는 측정 방법을 구현하였다. 또한 이로부터 위상이동에 의해 기록되는 4장의 그림자 무늬를 영상 처리하여 감도가 4배 향상된 그림자 무늬를 얻어내고 이를 스마트폰의 소형 전자부품들에 적용하여 온도변화에 따라 발생하는 굽힘 변위를 $5{\mu}m/fringe$의 고감도로 측정하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.493-500
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• 2008

이 논문은 휴대 단말기의 내장형 FM(Frequency Modulation) 라디오 안테나의 설계에 관하여 기술하고 있다. 설계 안테나의 동작 주파수에서의 임피던스를 조절하기 위해서 집중 정수 소자인 R과 L칩 소자를 사용하였다. 안테나 후면의 패치와 스터브는 설계 안테나의 정확한 공진 주파수치 조절과 소형화를 위해 추가하였다. 제작된 안테나의 크기, 측정된 반사 손실, 임피던스, 대역폭, 이득은 각각 $40{\times}70{\times}1$ mm, 99 MHz에서 -23 dB, $55-j7{\Omega}$, -10 dB 이하 22 MHz($88{\sim}110$ MHz), -15 dBi이고, 시뮬레이션 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 특히 제작된 안테나의 측정 이득은 설계 주파수 대역 내에서 기존의 이어폰 안테나의 이득과 유사한 값을 보였다. 측정된 방사 패턴도 계산된 무지향성 패턴과 잘 일치하였다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.528-543
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• 2008

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)는 방송 통신 융합 서비스 실현을 위한 대화형의 개인 맞춤형 멀티미디어 서비스이다. TV에 연결되는 IPTV Set-Top Box (STB)는 사용자의 유일한(unique) 하드웨어 식별자로서 가입자 인증에 사용된다. 이것은 box-level의 식별방법으로 가족 구성원이 하나의 IPTV 서비스를 공유한다는 점에서 개인 맞춤형 서비스를 지향하는 IPTV의 목적에 적합하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 STB에 3G 이동통신의 오픈 플랫폼 자바카드를 기반으로 한 사용자 개인정보를 저장할 수 있는 IDENTITY 애플릿을 정의하여 3G 네트워크와 IPTV 응용서버 사이에 사용자 중심의 인증과 개인 맞춤형 서비스가 가능한 IPTV 인증 프로토콜을 제안하고, 이에 대한 효율성과 안전성에 대해 검증한다.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2008년도 학술대회 2부
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• pp.152-157
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• 2008

모바일 무선인터넷 서비스(WAP)는 휴대폰이라는 제한된 화면 크기와 조작부, 브라우저 및 OS에서의 UI 구현상의 제약 등으로 인해 사용성이 고객만족도에 더욱 중요한 영향을 미치는 요소가 되고 있다. 특히 여러 다양한 콘텐츠 제공사에 의해 각각의 서비스가 개발되어 제공되는 현 상황에서, 이러한 서비스들의 UI 품질수준을 일관된 기준과 방법으로 효과적인 관리를 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 무선 인터넷 서비스들에 대한 일관된 UI 수준관리를 위한 사용성 지수 평가 체계를 제안한다. 제안된 평가 체계는 사용성 관련 사용성 지표와 UI 원칙으로부터 무선 인터넷 서비스에서의 UI 설계 요소와 평가 항목들을 도출하는 top-down 방식과, 기존 UI 설계 지침으로부터 사용성과 관계된 평가 항목들을 도출하고, 이들을 사용성 원칙과 지표 관점에서 그룹핑하는 bottom-up 방식을 통해 평가 체계 및 항목들이 구축되었다. 이러한 양방향 평가 체계 구축 방법은 사용성 문제를 야기할 수 있는 다양한 측면을 사용성 지표 관점에서 빠짐없이 고려할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 실제 서비스 환경과 관련된 UI component 관점에서 구체적인 평가 항목들을 도출할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 이러한 방법을 통해 구조화된 평가 체계는 사용성 지표와 각 지표와 관계된 사용성 원칙인 UI 가이드라인, 각 가이드라인 별로 구체적인 평가를 위한 UI component 별 평가항목들간 연결을 통해 계층적으로 구성되어 있다. 특히 각 평가 항목들을 O/X 로 판정할 수 있는 구체적인 내용과 형태로 구성하고, 전체 평가 항목 대비 만족된 평가항목의 비율로써 해당 서비스의 사용성 접수가 도출될 수 있게 하여 무선 인터넷 서비스의 사용성 수준을 정량적인 값으로 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 제안된 평가 체계는 사용자 테스트를 통한 실제 사용성 문제와 비교 분석되어 그 효과별 검증하였으며, 평가 항목별로 평가 대상 및 기준, 사례를 안내해주고 지표별 접수를 자동으로 계산해 주는 S/W 로 구현되어 실제 무선 인터넷 서비스의 평가 및 개선작업에 적용되었다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.55-78
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• 2010

This study analyses recent development of digital contents industry. The purpose of this study is to show how the convergence phenomenon is occurring in the digital contents industry. Furthermore, this study examines the influence of digital convergence on the digital contents industry. The characteristics of the digital contents industry falls roughly into three features. To begin with, technical aspect of the industrial feature is that digitalized contents can be used in various digital devices, namely OSMU(One Source Multi Use). The second feature is related to protection of copyright against illegal file sharing and downloading. One final point is that platform for distribution channels has been universal by digital convergence. To sum up, the notable feature of digital contents industry is high value-added. Also, digital contents industry is composed of users, digital device, network, and universal contents. Users are the key component of digital contents industry, who is distinguished from consumers. Digital devices such as mobile phone, PDA can play all kinds of digital contents and make users communicate in two-ways. Portable devices also allow the users to consume digital contents at any place. Digital contents can be distributed by both wire and wireless networks. And most of transactions can be made through networks. There are three key issues about digital convergence. Entry barriers for market become lowered; the age of contents users is changed from old generation to young generation. And the form of contents devices is changing rapidly. Traditional contents field such as movie, music, broadcasting, publishing, animations are combined into one digital contents territory. As a result, this paper suggests that digital convergence phenomenon will be accelerating for the future. According to the result of this study, the advent of digital convergence and e-Commerce will have significant influence on trade of digital contents.

• 정보저장시스템학회논문집
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2005

As a popularity of a portable digital device such as a cellular phone, a digital camera and a MP3 player is spreading, the demand of the mobile storage device increases rapidly. A bluray technology using 405nm laser diode and objective lens having high NA(Numerical Aperture), 0.85, satisfies a miniaturization and a high capacity which are the requirements of the portable device. To develop SFFOP(small form factor optical pickup), it is prerequisite to minimize the number of optical components and establish evaluation and assembly method of micro optical pickup system as well as mass production method of micro optical component. To minimize optical elements of optical pickup, there have been many researches to use P-HOE(Polarized Holographic Optical Element) due to its extremely small size and versatile function. However, P-HOE is handled and assembled very accurately in SFFOP. In this paper, static error signal detection method is developed for an alignment of P-HOE in SFFOP. Using developed static error signal detection method, P-HOE can be aligned very accurately with real time result of static error signals of pickup such as FES(focusing error signal) and TES(Tracking Error Signal). The developed static error signal detection method is verified by the evaluation of commercialized DVD Pickup. And finally. developed static error signal detection method is applied for the assembly of P-HOE in SFFOP system satisfies specification of BD(Blu-ray Disk).