• KOMUNHWA
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• no.68
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• pp.7-24
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• 2006

This article is the critical review of the methods and assumptions with which the Korean archaeologists have tried to approach to the Bronze age society. It was not until the 1980s' that there had been any attempt to define the relevant units for the study of past societies. Before the archaeological records of megalithic builders in the Bronze age began to be analyzed to find out the general traits of chiefdom society, Korean archaeologists had described the variations in the cultural, rather than the social, entities. From the 1990s' , some scholars have attempted to reconstruct the scale and organization of the social groups and explain the growth of polities in evolutionary view, analyzing the hierarchical distributions of settlement data. In the concluding remarks of the review, I would like to indicate the some problems in the conceptualization of the material culture patterning in the regional and/or inter-regional level. First, the conceptual problem which appeared when the Bronze archaeologists define the distribution of artifact assemblages, composed of the specific artifact traits , beyond the instrumental categories that are efficient for the establishments of regional chronologies. It is evidently erroneous conceptualization that we define the artifact assemblages as the socio-cultual entities which came into being in specific time and place, geographically expanded, and finally disappeared based on the view of essentialism. Second, the interpretative problems about wide distributions of certain bronze artifacts must be indicated. I would like to suggest that the wide distributions of the specific bronze dagger or mirror types should be explained not by the cultural area concept related to the ethnicity assumptions, but by the world system or the inter-regional interaction models.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.964-975
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• 2012

Recently the attention on digital hologram that is regarded as to be the final goal of the 3-dimensional video technology has been increased. A digital hologram can be generated with a depth and a RGB image. We proposed a new system to capture RGB and depth images and to convert them to digital holograms. First a new cold mirror was designed and produced. It has the different transmittance ratio against various wave length and can provide the same view and focal point to the cameras. After correcting various distortions with the camera system, the different resolution between depth and RGB images was adjusted. The interested object was extracted by using the depth information. Finally a digital hologram was generated with the computer generated hologram (CGH) algorithm. All algorithms were implemented with C/C++/CUDA and integrated in LabView environment. A hologram was calculated in the general-purpose computing on graphics processing unit (GPGPU) for high-speed operation. We identified that the visual quality of the hologram produced by the proposed system is better than the previous one.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2020

Purpose : This study compares prescriptions in the 1901 edition of the Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元) and the 1901 edition of 24 Revised Tae-eum constitution prescriptions (新定太陰人病應用要藥二十四方) (1901PCDT) with medical herbs found in classical texts. This study also examines whether to include patterns which compose medical herbs for the person of Tae-eum constitution (太陰人). Method : The prescriptions for Tae-eum-in in the Shinchukbon and the ingredients of medical herbs of the prescriptions of the Complete Works of Zhang Jingyue (景岳全書), Secret Works of Universal Benefit (廣濟秘笈), Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑), Comprised Edition for Formulas (方藥合編), Protecting Essence for Longevity (壽世保元), Introduction to Medicine (醫學入門), New Book for Saving People (濟衆新編 ENGLISH), and Compendium of Local Medicinals and Formulas (鄕藥集成方) were input into a database. The prescriptions were examined and combinations of medical herbs used to treat the person of Tae-eum constitution were noted. Result : Among the prescriptions for the person of Tae-eum constitution, similar examples of the 17 prescriptions of Kudzu Decoction to Relieve the Muscles (葛根解肌湯), Regulate the Stomach and Coordinate the Purity Decoction (調胃升淸湯), Clear the Heart and Lotus Pip Decoction (淸心蓮子湯), Decoction for Stabilizing Asthma with Ephedra (麻黃定喘湯), Profuse Heat and Sparse Cold Decoction (熱多寒少湯), Decoction for Coordinating Qi with Kudzu (葛根承氣湯), Major Decoction for Coordinating Qi with Kudzu (葛根大承氣湯), Minor Decoction for Coordinating Qi with Kudzu (葛根小承氣湯), Decoction for Dispersing the Exterior with Ephedra (麻黃發表湯), Boost the Lung Essence Decoction (補肺元湯), Major Supplementing Decoction with Deer Antler Velvet (鹿茸大補湯), Boosting Black Essence Pill (拱辰黑元丹), Honeylocust Fruit and Rhubarb Decoction (皂角大黃湯), Kudza and Duckweed Decoction (葛根浮萍湯), Sweet Flag and Polygala Powder (石菖蒲遠志散), Liriopis and Polygala Decoction Powder (麥門冬遠志散), and Cattle Gallstone Formula to Clear the Heart (牛黃淸心元) were found in important ancient literature and Dried Chestnut and Holotrichia Decoction (乾栗蠐螬湯) and Dried Chestnut and Tree of Heaven Root Bark Decoction (乾栗樗根皮湯) are the combination originally set by Lee Jema. Conclusion : Because 70.8% of the prescriptions in 1901PCDT could be found in literature which were pervasive in the period of the Joseon Dynasty (the period of Ming and Qing), it corresponds with Lee Jema's view that medical men in the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties disclosed half of the prescriptions for Tae-eum person by studying these texts more.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.705-711
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of continuing dental care program by elementary school dental clinic in Gimcheon from 2008 to 2013. Methods: The subjects were experimental group of 152 students from three elementary schools having dental clinics and control group of 136 students from three elementary schools of no dental clinics. The six dentists in Gimcheon community health center carried out the regular dental checkups in the elementary schools and four dental hygienists recorded the dental examination results. After receiving WHO dental survey guideline education, the examiners used dental mirror and dental probe under the natural light. The contents of the survey included dental caries in the deciduous and permanent teeth, malocclusion, remaining ratio of sealant, treatment, and follow up. Results: DFT index by grade showed that 3.71 in experimental group and 4.56 in control group and it was remarkable in the 3rd grade. Thus. DFT index in the experimental group was lower than that of control group (p<0.05). DT index by grade was 0.63 in experimental group and 1.28 in control group marked in the 6th grade. DT index in the control group was higher than that of the experimental group (p<0,001). DFT index and DMFT Index by grade showed no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group. DFT and DMFT Index of the control group in the 3rd and 6th grade were lower score than those of experimental group. DFT and DMFT index in the third and 6th grade showed no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group. The remaining ratio of the sealant was 4.89 experimental group in the 6th grade. The remaining ratio of the sealant in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. Conclusions: The continuing dental care program in the elementary school is very effective method in the treatment of oral disease in the elementary school children. The oral health care and prevention for the elementary school children should be implemented and carried out continuously.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.67-71
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• 2014

An attempt to grow high quality GaN on silicon substrate using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), herein GaN epitaxial layers were grown on various Si(111) substrates. Thin Platinum layer was deposited on Si(111) substrate using sputtering, followed by thermal annealing to form Pt nano-clusters which act as masking layer during dry-etched with inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching to generate nano-patterned Si(111) substrate. In addition, micro-patterned Si(111) substrate with circle shape was also fabricated by using conventional photo-lithography technique. GaN epitaxial layers were subsequently grown on micro-, nano-patterned and conventional Si (111) substrate under identical growth conditions for comparison. The GaN layer grown on nano-patterned Si (111) substrate shows the lowest crack density with mirror-like surface morphology. The FWHM values of XRD rocking curve measured from symmetry (002) and asymmetry (102) planes are 576 arcsec and 828 arcsec, respectively. To corroborate an enhancement of the growth quality, the FWHM value achieved from the photoluminescence spectra also shows the lowest value (46.5 meV) as compare to other grown samples.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.921-932
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• 2010

This paper presents a dual-band array antenna based on a modified Sierpinski fractal structure. Array structure is mirror symmetric, and forms broadside radiation pattern for dual frequency band if the ports are fed with $180^{\circ}C$ phase difference between upper and lower $2{\times}1$ array. To use in-phase corporate feeding circuit, the phase inversion structure is designed by changing the position of patch and ground for upper and lower array. The dimensions of the array antenna is $28{\times}30{\times}5\;cm^3$ and the bandwidth of 855~1,380 MHz(47 %), 1,770~2,330 MHz(27 %) were achieved for -10 dB return loss. The measured gain is 9.06~12.44 dBi for the first band and 11.76~14.84 dBi for the second band. The half power beam width is $57^{\circ}$ for x-z plane and $46^{\circ}$ for y-z plane at 1,100 MHz and $43^{\circ}$ and $28^{\circ}$ at 2,050 MHz, respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.210-216
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• 2003

The double teeth include gemination and fusion. The congenital missing tooth is the absence of the tooth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of double teeth and congenital missing teeth in preschool children of Iksan city. The study population consisted of 1,031 children, 569 boys and 462 girls, aged from 17 to 84 months. The double teeth possess a variety of diagnostic and treatment problems. Gemination is the partial splitting of a single bud into two distinct entities that remain joined in a Siamese twin fashion. Fusion is the joining of two buds. Both may be normal, or one may be a supernumerary tooth. Congenital missing is the absence of one or a few teeth. Twenty three(11 boys and 12 girls) of the 1,031 children had double teeth and 17(8 boys and 9 girls) exhibited congenital missing of teeth. The prevalence of double primary teeth was 2.2%. The prevalence of congenital missing teeth was 1.6%. One subject had double teeth and congenital missing tooth at the same time. Of the 17 cases of congenital missing teeth, one girl showed it in the maxilla and aye boys and six girls had them in the unilateral side of the mandible. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of double teeth and congenital missing teeth between the boys and the girls.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.725-731
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• 2002

This experiment was performed to understand the changes in plasma leptin in association with plasma IGF-1, body weight and ADG from early growing to late finishing stages of Holstein steers. Blood collection was performed by arterial vein puncture at selected monthly ages of 1 (54 kg), 2.6 (103 kg), 7.2 (205 kg), 13.5 (314 kg), 16.9 (414 kg), 22.2 (550 kg), 24.9 (626 kg) and 27.4 months (695 kg). The blood was analyzed for leptin using the multi-species leptin RIA with recombinant bovine leptin (rbleptin) as standard, plasma IGF-1 was also measured using RIA. Against the standard rbleptin, the multi-species Leptin RIA system's sensitivity, cross reactivity, slope and recovery of 41.0 ng/ml rbleptin in plasma were 4.9 ng/ml, 11.22%, -1.396 and 97.8%, respectively. Plasma leptin measured were more than 5.0 ng/ml, which enable multi-species RIA system to investigate plasma leptin in normal growing steers. Body weight resulted to a highly significant second-degree polynomial relationship with plasma leptin (q=0.54, p<0.0001) and plasma IGF-1 (q=0.44, p<0.0001) from 1 to 27.4 monthly ages. However, the second-degree polynomial curve of plasma leptin and IGF-1 differs showing a concave and convex curvilinear relationship, respectively. ADG was not significantly associated to plasma leptin (r=0.06, p>0.05) and plasma IGF=1 (r=0.06, p>0.05) from 1 to 27.4 monthly ages. Low coefficient, but significant associated increase of plasma leptin and IGF-1 (r=0.12, p<0.008) from 1 to 27.4 months was observed. The uncoordinated increases of plasma IGF-1 at growing and plasma leptin at fattening period, may indicate (1) indirect involvement of endogenous IGF-1 on leptin secretion, and (2) IGF-1 level may signify lean and bone accretion while plasma leptin may mirror body fatness across the monthly ages of Holstein steers.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2003

The display technology on the retina is the key role in inspecting the condition of the patients. 2-dimensional retina image is widely used in the eye examination as of today. Recently, 3-dimensional retina image ones have been introduced to this area, but the quality of the image is not fully satisfied to the operator. For the purpose of developing 3-D retina imaging instrument, the optimization of a 3-D retina imaging system using Code-V tool was investigated in this thesis. He-Ne laser having the wavelength 632.8 nm was used to make a power source to detect the retina. Several lenses and mirrors installed on sledge which were developed to perform focus control on 3-D device were designed to make a beam focusing and direct line. Polygon scanner having 24 mirror facets and galvanometer making tilting movement were utilized to make a 2-D laser plane. Also, design of eye ball had been fulfilled to see the focus of the 2-D plane. Reflected ray from retina detected on the sensor array with the same path. All cognitive components were optimized for aberration correction in order to focus on retina. Results of optimization were compared to those of initial designed optics system. On the basis of above results, the result of third aberration has been corrected to stable values to the optical system. MTF evaluating the resolution of an image has been closely correlated to the diffraction limit and PSF indicating the strength distribution of an image has shown the SR value as 0.9998 having high performance. The possibility of new and powerful 3-D retina image instrument was verified by simulating each component of the instrument by Code-V.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2012

A purpose of this research is to find out characteristic of bronze artifacts and gold ornaments excavated from Xiongnu tombs No. 2~4 at Duurlig Nars in Mongolia through scientific analysis of them. The Tombs are comparatively small. There were still lots of relics remaining although the tombs had been already robbed. Also the tombs are evaluated important since the origin of them show coexisting of chinese and northern style. First of all, an analysis result about bronze vessels found in this site, they have high lead(Pb) content and relatively low tin(Sn) content, as compared with the Bronze Han Mirror and End-fittings of Bronze Parasol Rib. Especially in case of bronze tray and bronze lamp from the no. 2 tomb and also bronze cauldron from the no. 4 tomb contain only 1wt% of tin which means binary alloy composition(Cu-Pb). Also, in the case of gold ornaments found in the no. 2 tomb, they have comparatively high purity. And the research suppose that the high possibility of that they were used soldering using alloy of Au-Cu or diffused bonding(using malachite and copper oxide) for joining gold grains of gold granulation ornament. Further scientific research and analysis in Mongolia and other countries will provide more clues to solve mystery of Xiongnu culture.