• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2015

This study tried to investigate the difference of the legibility in different age groups (young and old) with same near visual acuity and to provide preliminary guidelines for the text sizes in the pesticides products based on the legibility experiments. To achieve the objective, legibility evaluation experiments were conducted to test the effects of different age(20s, 50-60s), gender, font type(thick gothic-type and fine gothic-type), thickness (plain and bold), and number of syllables(2 and 3 syllables) in the same near visual acuity(0.6). The results showed that legibility 50s was higher than 20s. And 20s are appealed higher discomfort than 50s. Considering these experimental results, it was recommended that the 14 pt or larger characters (100% readable size) should be used the important information such as toxicity, and the minimum character size was 7 pt (50% readable size) for other information.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.92-100
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• 2009

This study evaluated the effects of the syllable number(one, two), font type(gothic, myung), color contrast (black on white, white on black), display type(paper, LCD), age(20s, 60s) and character size(2~80pt) on the Korean characters' legibility. Total twenty subjects from two age groups (20s: n=10, 60s: n=10, five male and five female in each group) participated in the legibility test. A target panel was presented in the distance of 50 cm, and subjects conducted a reading tests for, in total, 16 treatment conditions (full combination of syllable number, font type, color contrast and display type). Results showed that two-syllable words revealed better legibility than one-syllable character. The main effects of the age, display type, font type, color contrast, and character size were statistically significant(p<0.01). Paper showed better legibility than LCD, particularly in the 20s and in the character sizes of less than 9pt. Gothic revealed more correct answers than Myung, particularly in the 60s, paper, and white on black conditions. It is expected that these results can provide basic data for the determination of the Korean characters' minimum legible size standards. For example, the minimum legible size for the Gothic and black on white characters presented in the paper should be 5pt for 20s and 1lpt for 60s if the 75% correct reading(3 correct answers in this study) was applied for the legibility criterion.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the legibility of one-syllable Korean characters with the participation of sixteen subjects. The experiment considered nine factors including age (young and old), gender (male and female), illuminance (150lx and 600lx), viewing distance (50cm and 200cm), material type (paper and LCD), typeface (Ming and Gothic), thickness (plain and bold), color contrast (black letter/white background and white letter/black background), and complexity (simple, complex, and number) to examine main effects with a $2^{6-3}\times3$ fractional factorial design. The dependent variables were minimum character size of 100% correctness, maximum character size of 0% correctness, and minimum character size of comfortable reading preference. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that age, illuminance, viewing distance and complexity were significant for all dependent variables, except gender which was significant only for the minimum character size of comfortable reading preference. In general, the young could see twofold smaller size letters than the elderly. The subjects could see smaller sized letters with the illuminance of 600lx and viewing distance of 50cm than 150lx and 200cm, respectively and also with numbers, simple characters, and complex characters in that order. The findings of this study could be characterized about the legibility of Korean characters and be good resources for developing its standard.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.181-188
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• 1998

In order to examine the legibility of the Hangul letters which is a syllabic, the three kind of visual charts were made of the ninety eight($14{\times}7$) Hangul Gothic type letters by the laser printer. These Hangul letters were constructed with the 13 consonant letters which are 'ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ', and the 6 vowel letters which are 'ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ'. The two examination methods were used, One is the discriminating the letters on the visual chart by men having 1.5 visual acuity. The other is the using the laser printer's resolution. Obtained data by these examination methods are the minimum readable size values of the letters and the maximum readable distance values from the reader to the objects. From these data the relative legibility of the Hangul letters were calculated, where the letter ㄱ was chosen for the standard. This resultant data were analyzed. In this result, the mean legibility of these Hangul letters descended in the order of 'ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅅ, ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅇ, ㅁ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ' Which are the consonant letters being in these letters. And the mean legibility descended in 'ㅣ, ㅡ, ㅏ, ㅗ, ㅓ, ㅜ' order. The mean legibility is dependent on used consonant letter more then on used vowel.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.397-406
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine legible Korean font sizes within in-vehicle information systems(IVISs) in diving conditions. Background: Font legibility within IVISs is one of important causes on its' safe operations during driving. Several researches proposed some guidelines on the legible English font sizes within IVISs. On the contrary, appropriate Korean font sizes have been hardly known in spite of the typological differences between English and Korean. Therefore, more systematic researches for improving the legibility on Korean font size within IVISs have been required. Method: In this study, an experiment was performed with the following experimental factors: the existence of vibration, the color contrasts(white on black, black on white), the font types(HDR, CubeR, Gothic), and the font sizes(6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24pt). To fit the experimental conditions into real driving environments, the illuminance was controlled to 15lx by using LED lamp and the distance between IVIS and participants was kept to 70cm. Moreover, all participants took the shutter glasses for employing well-known occlusion techniques. Results: The experimental results showed that 'HDR' and 'Non-vibration + Black on white' group took the shortest response time, and decreasing slopes of the response time with increasing font sizes were slowing down at 14pt then flattened out at 22pt regardless of the existence of vibration and color contrasts. Conclusion: The minimum size for legible Korean font would be about 14pt(5.47mm) and the optimum size would be about 22pt(8.59mm). Application: The guideline on the Korean font sizes from this study will be applied to design an IVIS in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

Safety and health related information for the proper use and handling of pesticides is usually printed on the surface of the pesticide products (bottle type or bag type) in the form of texts. But, the guidelines or standards for the appropriate presentation of the texts for the pesticide products are most vague or not practical. Thus, this study aimed to provide the preliminary guidelines for the text sizes based on the legibility experiments. Total twenty subjects from two age groups (young: n=10, old: n=10, five males and five females in each group) participated in the experiment. First, subjects read the text cards presented in the distance of 50cm from the eyes of the subjects. Eight different text card sets were prepared for different font type(thick gothic-type and fine gothic-type), thickness of font(plain and bold), and number of syllables (2 and 3 syllables). When subjects read the cards, the correctness of reading (correct or wrong) was recorded and the degree of discomfort (from 1: no discomfort at all to 4: can't read at all) was also evaluated for all the text sizes. Results showed that the character size should be 4 pt or larger for the young subjects to read at least one word correctly in all the text conditions. For the old subjects to read at least one word correctly, the character size should be five pt or larder. The average of the minimum character sizes for 100% correct answer is 6.1 pt for young subjects and 10.5 pt for old subjects, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3444-3451
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• 2012

Safety and health related information for the proper use and handing of pesticides is usually printed on the surface of the pesticide products in the form of texts. But, the guidelines or standards for the appropriate presentation of the texts for the pesticide products are most vague or not practical. Thus, this study aimed to provide the preliminary guidelines for the text sizes based on the legibility experiments. To achieve the objective legibility evaluation experiments were conducted to test the effects of different near vision (0.6, ${\geq}0.8$), gender, font type(thick gothic-type and fine gothic-type), thickness of font(plain and bold), and number of syllables(2 and 3 syllables) in the same age group of 20s. The results showed that legibility was different according to the visual acuity (p<0.05), and no other main effects showed statistically significant effects. The 'maximum illegible size' to read at least one word correctly in all the text conditions was 2 pt when the near vision was ${\geq}0.8$, and 2 pt or 3 pt when the near vision was 0.6. The 'minimum legible size' for 100% correct answer was 9 pt for the near vision of 0.6, and 5.3 pt for ${\geq}0.8$, respectively. Mean character size does not read any discomfort in 0.6 was 15.5 pt in both male and female but male was mean 8.5 pt, female was 10 pt in ${\geq}0.8$. Considering these experimental results, it was recommended that the 16 pt or larger characters should be used the important information such as 'Pesticides' or toxicity, and the minimum character size was 9 pt for the less important information.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.28-36
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to research the influence of soundscape in the preference of landscape. Specifically, standards type of communication are applied to the landscape such as positive scenery and negative scenery. The spatial image was analyzed by the variables of Kaplan\`s information process model. The level of visual preferences was measured by a type of acoustic information and visual information in the landscape, and this data was analyzed by multiple regression. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; The value of landscape preference was maximum value in Type I and minimum value in Type II from all fluent of coherence, mystery, and legibility to, except complexity, and it was not different from preference. These results clearly show the influence of sounds effecting decision of landscape preference. It was different by the type of acoustic information and visual information in landscape. The results of ANOVA among types of acoustic information were differences of mean between positive sound, no sound and negative sound from coherence, mystery, and legibility to, except complexity. These variables may be the major factors which must be considered in planning and designing as the functional basis for quantitative analysis.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Purpose: The study was aimed to suggest the most effective color of the tinted lenses by evaluating the effect of the prescription with tinted lenses on the visual quality of the elderly at the age of the sixty or more. Methods: The visual acuity of fifty subjects at the age of sixty or more (17 males, 33 females with the averaged age of $71.0{\pm}6.3$) were corrected to have the visual acuity at a far distance of 0.5 or more using a trial lens frame, and non-tinted, brown-tinted, and gray-tinted lenses were randomly applied on the trial frame. The minimum legibility and minimum separability were measured at a far distance in the aspect of the visual acuity and calculated as LogMAR and then, the visual acuity was compared. The stereopsis and contrast sensitivity were also estimated at a near distance in the aspect of the visual function. The participants' preference for tinted lenses and their subjective symptoms of the visual perception and the movement were further surveyed. Results: The best minimum legibility and minimum separability was shown when wearing non-tinted lenses, and brown-tinted and gray-tinted lenses were in the next. The stereopsis and the contrast sensitivity at a near distance and the visual perception was the best when wearing brown-tinted lenses. It was surveyed that the subjective discomfort was the biggest when wearing gray-tinted lenses, and brown-tinted lenses were the best in the aspect of the subjective preference. Conclusions: As the result of this study, it was revealed that the visual acuity and visual function could be improved by the use of tinted ophthalmic lenses however, its change of visual acuity and visual function was not completely correlated with the subjective satisfaction. Therefore, the appropriate color of ophthalmic lenses should be selected in accordance with the individual visual perception and the main vision lifestyle in the elderly generation. From the present study, the use of non- or brown-tinted lens and brown- or gray-tinted lens can be recommended for distance work and near work, respectively, in the elderly generation under the illumination of about 1,000 lux.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

Texts and icons are used to deliver the safety and health information on pesticide labels. This study surveyed the standards or guidelines regarding the presentation formats of texts and icons used in pesticides. Also, the text and icon formats being used in the 50 pesticide products in Korea were investigated in the aspects of size, font (texts only), color. From the guideline survey, it was found that while the guidelines for the text fonts and colors in pesticides were suggested, there was no detailed guidelines about the text size. For the icon presentation, it was regulated that the icon size for the pesticides should be larger than $7mm{\times}7mm$, and this size was equivalent to the size when the reading distance of 28 ㎝ was applied to other two guidelines. From the sample survey of the 50 pesticides, it was found that the small text size being used in the 50 pesticides was 1mm (3pt), and this size was considered to be very difficult to be read, particularly by old people. The minimum size of the texts for the toxicity of the pesticide, the very important safety information, was found to be 1.5 mm, which is considered to be very uncomfortable to be read. The size of icons were varied from 2 to 12 mm, and the total average size was 4.6 mm. The 149 icons from a total 187 icons (80%) were smaller than the icon presentation guideline ($7mm{\times}7mm$), and the reason for the small icon size might be the small area of the label of the pesticides. Thus, more detailed guidelines for the text size and more practical guidelines for the size of icons are required.