• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1968

1. The albumin, ${\beta}-globurin$ and ${\gamma}-globurin$ fractions of non-vaccinated bovine serum (Control) int declined, and a total protein and ${\alpha}-globurin$ level are advanced on the reversible rather than of vaccinated immumized bovine serum. (Table 5.) 2. Some few exists the to bring about changed in the individuals and sexual in a vaccinated bovine serum, however, Male serum globurin fractions are higher than Female globurin fractions percentage. (Table 1 and 3.) 3. Albumin fractions are Age-ablly variable, so that, younger's are rather lower than adult's such reported as in the another litratures. 4. In the monthly analysis of immunized bovine serum the first week to at dulation for third weeks were slowly advanced as variablly in serum-protein fractions of ater by the Black-leg No. 2 vaccination, then, albumin fractions were illustated as maximum ratio (42.73 3.49%) and increased much as 14.9% more than non-vaccinates, and ${\alpha}-globurin$ fractions indicated the minimum ratio(15.11 2.35%) at for 4th month after vaccination decrease much as about 7.71 % rather non-vaccinated normal bovine serum. (Table 4. and Fig 3.) Next, continuous advanced the ${\beta}-globurin$ fractions at first month as primary crisis in a diagram, and indicated the maximum ratio at 8th months as the second crieir on the its diagram of after vaccinati on, however, few changed in non-vaccinated bovine serum. (Figs 4.) Especially, ${\gamma}-globurin$ fractions are advanced the maximum ratio as 41. 45% 4.48% anp advanced to be widely range much as about 22.55% more than control serum at 5th months of after the vaccination. That is one of the most considerable evalution in Black-leg No. 2 vaccination to Korean calevs as great presence of the maximum immune antibodies at for 5th month after the vaccination. (Table 4. and Fig 4.) 5. In the relationship between vaccinated rabbit and Korean calves, serum protein fraractions were to be changed within the 3 weeks, so that albumin fractions of vaccinated immune bovine serum are increased as directly ratio, while vaccinated rabbit immunized serum showed the decrease as to reciprocal ratio. Although, conclude that ${\gamma}-globurin$ fractions are increased gradually by and large on the vaccinated immune bovine serum(B. P. S.) and vaccinated immune rabbit serum(R. P. S.) together. (Table 6).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1364-1373
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• 2012

Four crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) lactating dairy cows, with an average live weight of $418{\pm}5$ kg and $36{\pm}10$ d in milk were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to evaluate the effects of cassava hay (CH) and rice bran oil (RBO) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk yield, and milk composition. Factor A was non-supplementation or supplementation with CH in the concentrate. Factor B was supplementation with RBO at 0% or 4% in the concentrate mixture. The four dietary treatments were (T1) control (Concentrate with non-CH plus 0% RBO; C), (T2) Concentrate with CH plus 0% RBO (CH), (T3) Concentrate with non-CH plus 4% RBO (RBO), and (T4) Concentrate with CH plus 4% RBO (CHRBO). The cows were offered concentrate, at a ratio of concentrate to milk production of 1:2, and urea-lime treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. Urea-lime treated rice straw involved 2.5 g urea and 2.5 g $Ca(OH)_2$ (purchased as hydrated lime) in 100 ml water, the relevant volume of solution was sprayed onto a 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw, and then covering the stack with a plastic sheet for a minimum of 10 d before feeding directly to animals. The CH based concentrate resulted in significantly higher roughage intake and total DM intake expressed as a percentage of BW (p<0.05). Ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N, BUN and total VFA did not differ among treatments, while RBO supplementation increased propionate, but decreased acetate concentration (p<0.05). Furthermore, the population of total ruminal bacteria was significantly lower on the RBO diet (p<0.05). In contrast, the total ruminal bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria on the CH diet were higher than on the other treatments. Supplementation with CH increased (p<0.05) F. succinogens and R. flavefaciens populations, whereas the populations of B. fibrisolvens and M. elsdenii were increased on the RBO diet. In addition, supplementation with CH and RBO had no effect on milk production and composition in dairy cows, while fatty acid composition of milk was influenced by RBO supplementation, and resulted in significantly lower (p<0.05) concentrations of both short-chain and medium-chain FA, and increased (p<0.05) the proportion of long-chain FA in milk fat, as well as significantly increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA and total CLA. In conclusion, RBO or CH exhibited specific effects on DMI, rumen fermentation, microbial population, milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cows, which were not interactions between CH and RBO in the diets. Feeding lactating dairy cows with RBO could improve fatty acid in milk fat by increasing cis-9, trans-11 CLA.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 1984

The ionic association constant(K) of 2,4,6, N-tetramethyl pyridinium iodide (TeMPI) in 95 volume percentage ethanol-water mixture were determined by a modified UV and conductance method at $25^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$ under 1 to 2,000 bars. The K values increase with increasing pressure and have maximum value at $40^{\circ}C$. The partial molar volume hange (${\Delta}V$) has relatively small negative value and the absolute values of ${\Delta}$ are minimum at $40^{\circ}C$. The ion size parameter(a) of TeMPI have maximum value at $40^{\circ}C$. {\Delta}H^{\circ}$ values are zero, positive and negative at 40^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$ respectively. Other thermodynamic parameters such as the changes of standard entropy ({\Delta}S^{\circ}$) and free energy {\Delta}G^{\circ}$ were evaluated. From these experimental results, we came to conclusion that TeMPI is stabilized by the elevation of pressure and that of temperature below $40^{\circ}C$ but weakly dimerized at $40^{\circ}C$ because of the intermolecular hydrophobic interaction of eight methyl groups of two molecules. And it thermally decomposed above $50^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.436-443
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• 2016

Exposure to cold may affect growth performance in accordance with the metabolic and immunological activities of animals. We evaluated whether ambient temperature affects growth performance, blood metabolites, and immune cell populations in Korean cattle. Eighteen Korean cattle steers with a mean age of 10 months and a mean weight of 277 kg were used. All steers were fed a growing stage-concentrate diet at a rate of 1.5% of body weight and Timothy hay ad libitum for 8 weeks. Experimental period 1 (P1) was for four weeks from March 7 to April 3 and period 2 (P2) was four weeks from April 4 to May 1. Mean ($8.7^{\circ}C$) and minimum ($1.0^{\circ}C$) indoor ambient temperatures during P1 were lower (p<0.001) than those ($13.0^{\circ}C$ and $6.2^{\circ}C$, respectively) during P2. Daily dry matter feed intake in both the concentrate diet and forage groups was higher (p<0.001) during P2 than P1. Average daily weight gain was higher (p<0.001) during P2 (1.38 kg/d) than P1 (1.13 kg/d). Feed efficiency during P2 was higher (p = 0.015) than P1. Blood was collected three times; on March 7, April 4, and May 2. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were higher on March 7 than April 4 and May 2. Blood cortisol, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations did not differ among months. Blood CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+ T cell percentages were higher, while CD8+CD25+ T cell percentage was lower, during the colder month of March than during May, suggesting that ambient temperature affects blood T cell populations. In conclusion, colder ambient temperature decreased growth and feed efficiency in Korean cattle steers. The higher circulating NEFA concentrations observed in March compared to April suggest that lipolysis may occur at colder ambient temperatures to generate heat and maintain body temperature, resulting in lower feed efficiency in March.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.952-962
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• 2005

To explore the relationship between economic status and food and nutrient intake patterns, the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey result was analyzed. Dietary intake data of 6,978 Korean adults of 20 years and older who participated in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were used along with their demographic data. Economic status of the subjects was classified into the following 4 groups based on the self-reported average monthly income of household with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE) in 2001 : low < $100\%$ MLE $\leq$ middle < $200\%$ MLE $\leq$ high < $300\%$ MLE $\leq$ higher, Individuals in the higher income class had significantly higher mean intake for most of the nutrients including energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C, and a higher percentage of energy intake from fat. In addition, they consumed more animal foods including meats, eggs, fish/shellfish, milk/dairy products and fats. On the other hand, the mean intakes of individuals in the lower economic class for calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were lower than $75\%$ of RDAs. And, there was a predominant difference in contribution of fat to total energy intake among the groups of different economic status. These results showed that household income is an important factor influencing the food and nutrient intake patterns of the Korean adult population. Although individuals at different age classes may respond differently to a change in economic status, developing and implementing nutrition policy and intervention programs for those nutritionally vulnerable groups should consider the economic status as an important factor to customize and differentiate the content of the Program. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $952\∼962$, 2005)

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.393-405
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• 1989

This study was carried out to treatment test for bovine mastitis by the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) based on firefly bioluminescence. The results obtained are followed; 1. In the susceptibility test, cephalothin which looks the most effective were sensitive to Staphylococcus sp. (72.3%), Micrococcus sp. (84.2%), Streptococcus sp. (72.7%) and Gram positive bacilli (72.7%), Gram negative bacilli were sensitive to gentamicin (92.3%) and Yeast-like-fungi was the most sensitive to clotrimazole, and nystatin in order. 2. When the number of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida tropicalis isolated from the mastitis milk were counted by conventional agar plating technique, and compared with the concentration of bacterial ATP, it gave a good linear relationship. The content of ATP per Staphylococcus aureus, cell was 3.1fM and Candida tropicalis showed the high level of A TP (90fM). 3. The ATP assay was applied to the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various antibiotics. When Staphylococcus aureus was incubated in the presence of different concentration of tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin and streptomycin sulfate and the growth was monitored by the conventional agar plating technique and ATP assay, both methods shown the same results that they were 1mcg/ml, 2mcg/ml, 6.25mcg/ml and 8mcg/ml, respectively. 4. For the determination of susceptibility of sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus au reus isolated for the milk with mastitis to tetracycline, erythromycin kanamycin and streptomycin sulfate, the minimum time required for the test was determined by the assay of ATP every 30 minutes during incubation of 3 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. ATP concentration time curve calculated on both resistant and sensitive strains incubated 3 hours as the optimum time for the determination of susceptibilities of various antibiotics exemed. The ATP concentration of each test broth (antibiotic containing), expressed as a percentage of its own control brith (antibioticfree) indicated values of 30% to be indicative of each antibiotic sensitivity. Single time point ATP assay carried out on the various sensitive and resistant of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics examined after 3 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ correlated exactly with disc diffusion and MIC. 5. In the cure of intramammary treatment of bovine mastitis in lactating quarters, the cure rate of Staphylococcal mastitis showed to cephalexin (80%), cloxacillin and gentamicin (70%), ampicillin and oxytetracycline (60%), and Streptococcal mastitis showed to cephalexin (85%), penicillin (80%), cloxacillin and oxytetracycline (75%), and ampicillin (70%), but intramammary antimycotic drug (clotrimazol) were only a little effect about fungal mastitis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.322-328
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• 2003

The Transformation-Associated Recombination (TAR) cloning technique allows selective isolation of chromosomal regions and genes from complex genomes. The procedure requires knowledge of relatively small genomic sequences that reside adjacent to the chromosomal region of interest. This technique involves homologous recombination during yeast spheroplast transformation between genomic DNA and a TAR vector that has 5'and 3' gene targeting sequences. In this study, we examined the minimum size of specific hooks required for a single-copy gene isolation and compared the utility of different TAR vectors, radial and unique vectors, by cloning the same single-copy gene. The efficiency of TAR cloning of the hHPRT gene was same using hooks varying from 750 to 63 bp. The number of transformants decreased approximately 20-fold when the TAR vector contained two unique hooks versus using a radial vector, but the percentage of positive recombinants increased over 2-fold when a unique TAR vector was used. Therefore, we suggest that the two-unique TAR vector is suitable for general TAR cloning given its high selectivity, and the radial TAR vector is more suitable when genomic DNA is in limited quantity, for example, DNA isolated from pathological specimens. Moreover, we confirm the minimal length of a unique sequence in a TAR vector is approximately 60 bp for a single-copy gene isolation.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2015

In this paper, there are several analysis on G-SEED, Building Energy Efficiency Rating System, Energy Performance Index, Energy Saving Plan about how they are applied by classification and planning standard. The analysis result found out that G-SEED has low select percentage by having difficulties to managing and additional cost when the each class is selected. And also, Building Energy Efficiency Rating System in school is planed in comparably simple design and similar size and also mostly uses high efficient machines, which was in high lever comparing to the system in facilities in other uses. In the case of EPI, there are differences on acquiring grades by each region. Especially, Gyung-gi region has a low grade on architecture part comparing to other parts, which seems to acquire more grades by strengthen insulation performance. By the result from the three standards, many facilities has only formal plan to pass the required standard without considering specialities of each buildings, which has a tendency to have a pattern to have a minimum criteria. However, School has a symbolic building which has a obligation to be the base of the aim for growing green energy buildings and green education for students. Therefore, planning with understanding of specialities of the facility, having various and rational evaluation standards from the planning of the building is necessary.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

Population of fruit flies was monitored by using methyl eugenol trap during 2010-2011 in Yezin, Myanmar. Population numbers were analyzed with meteorological factors including rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and duration of sunshine. Samples of mango, guava, and jujube fruits were collected from orchards. The fruits were kept in containers so that the species of flies infesting the fruit could be identified when the adult insects emerged and to assess damage caused by fruit flies. Regression analyses indicated that populations of fruit flies were observed to be positively correlative with rainfall, minimum temperature and relative humidity, and negatively correlative with the duration of sunshine. Eleven species of fruit flies, Bactrocera arecae, B. carambolae, B. correcta, B. dorsalis, B. kandiensis, B. latilineola, B. malaysiensis, B. neocognata, B. raiensis, B. verbascifoliae, and Carpomya vesuvina, were identified. B. correcta and B. dorsalis were the most abundant and accounted for 29.3% and 28.6% of total emerged adults in the different fruit samples. The highest percentage of fruit damage was observed on guava ($59{\pm}15.4$), followed by mango ($35.5{\pm}12.1$) while the lowest was recorded on jujube ($18.5{\pm}7.9$).

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.47-52
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• 2018

To investigate the effect of low magnetic field on dose distribution in SABR plans for liver cancer, we calculated and evaluated the dose distribution to each organ with and without magnetic fields. Ten patients received a 50 Gy dose in five fractions using the $ViewRay^{(R)}$ treatment planning system. For planning target volume (PTV), the results were analyzed in the point minimum ($D_{min}$), maximum ($D_{max}$), mean dose ($D_{mean}$) and volume receiving at least 90% ($V_{90%}$), 95% ($V_{95%}$), and 100% ($V_{100%}$) of the prescription dose, respectively. For organs at risk (OARs), the duodenum and stomach were analyzed with $D_{0.5cc}$ and $D_{2cc}$, and the remained liver except for PTV was analyzed with $D_{mean}$, $D_{max}$, and $D_{min}$. Both inner and outer shells were analyzed with the point $D_{min}$, $D_{max}$, and $D_{mean}$, respectively. For PTV, the maximum change in volume due to the presence or absence of the low magnetic field showed a percentage difference of up to $0.67{\pm}0.60%$. In OAR analysis, there is no significant difference for the magnetic field. In both shell structure analyses, although there are no major changes in dose distribution, the largest value of deviation for $D_{max}$ in the outer shell is $2.12{\pm}2.67Gy$. The effect of low magnetic field on dose distribution by a Co-60 beam was not significantly observed within the body, but the dose deposition was only appreciable outside the body.