• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3 s.49
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• pp.129-138
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• 2006

In this study, we identified the secondary precipitates from Samsan-jeil and Sambong mine, Goseong, Gyeongnam by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray powder diffraction analysis. Copper sulfide minerals had been produced from the mines during last few decades, however they are not worked. White and blue precipitates were found at the downstream of mine rock dump at Sambong mine and green one was at Samsan-jeil mine. The white precipitate covered the host rock surface with thickness of $30{\mu}m$, and is a kind of diatom with $10{\mu}m$ in length and $3{\mu}m$ in width. It is a species Fragilaria constuens, which is contained a order Pennales(pennate diatom) and lives in fresh water. The blue precipitate is the alteration product of chalcopyrite. It resultes in the increase in the ratio Cu:Fe from 5 to 13. The green precipitate has worm-like morphology with $10{\sim}20nm$ in diameter and $200{\sim}300nm$ in length. It is mainly composed of secondary copper sulfate such as woodwardite. However, it could be formed by the activity of microorganism, because the copper content is more than any secondary copper sulfate reported in copper sulfide mine. In order to identity the green precipitate exactly, the further research is needed.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3 s.49
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• pp.163-169
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• 2006

Mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediment core from the seamount (2710 m below the sea level) just south of the Antarctic Polar Front were examined to draw paleoceanographic information in glacial-interglacial cycles. Smectite was most abundant clay mineral associated with illite and chlorite. Its content was slightly higher below 170 cm, suggesting a boundary between isotope stage 4 and 5. Si, Zr, Cs, Th, REE, $K_{2}O$, and $Al_{2}O_{3}$ show complete antithetical distribution with respect to $CaCO_{3}$ through the core. $SiO_{2}$ maxima and $CaCO_{3}$ minima at depths of 24, 136, and 176 cm are probably correlated with massive influx of ice-rafted debris during the advance of Antarctic ice shelves. Ni, Cu, and Ba show rather little correlation with $SiO_{2}$, suggesting their relation to biogenic debris, precipitation from seawater, or hydrothermal input. Particularly, Ba maxima tend to lag $10{\sim}20cm$ after $SiO_{2}$ maxima, probably due to rapid increase of productivity following deglaciation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.299-316
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• 2009

The Goryeo roof tiles from the Oegol site in Tangjeong, Asan are classified into three groups in color such as gray, red yellow and gray-yellow groups, respectively. While each group of tiles shows characteristic specific gravity, absorption ratio, LOI and vitrification degree, mineral content and distribution, and chemical composition are generally homogeneous among all groups of roof tiles. Also, all roof tiles and soils from the site show similar geochemical behavior of elements and clay-mineralization degree. This indicates that the soil from the site is probable to be a raw material of the roof tiles. Firing temperature of the roof tiles is estimated as 950 to $1,050^{\circ}C$ for the gray group, 800 to $900^{\circ}C$ for the red yellow group, and 900 to $950^{\circ}C$ for the gray-yellow group. In conclusion, roof tiles from the Oegol site is interpreted to be made of local clay without additive minerals, applying various firing conditions and standardized purifying process of raw clay materials.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 2002

Dominant rock types of stones used presently for cooking utensils in Korea are pyroxenite, breccia and biotite diorite. Pyroxenite and biotite diorite relatively abundant in mafic minerals have higher specific gravities of 3.0 than breccia of 2.5. Breccia shows the highest absorption (2.9%) among three stones used as cooking utensils and pH value of three stone types shows the alkaline range of 9.7 to 9.9. Among the studied stones used for cooking utensils, biotite diorite is the most durable against abrasion and has the highest strength and therefore, it is expected to be used effectively for the longest time except for other specific causes. Heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, Co, Cr and Ni were leached lower than their detection limit (0.1 ppm) regardless of reaction time and initial pH value of solution. But the leached contents of Fe are various with rock types and leaching conditions and those by acidic solution are generally 1.8 to 31 times higher than those by neutral solution. Breccia and biotite diorite show the highest leached content of Fe in cases of neutral and acidic solutions, respectively. Standard criteria of leached heavy metals and macrominerals should be studied thoroughly to utilize stones for cooking utensils of high quality which are harmless to the human body. Also it is required to examine mon detailed abiochemical properties of various stone types used for cooking utensils.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2017

Advanced argillic, argillic, and phyllic zones are the most important alteration patterns to predict the hidden ore body during exploration of hydrothermal deposits. We examined the quantitative relationship between the spectral absorption characteristics and the mineral content of the synthetic mixtures such as alunite-kaolinite and illite-kaolinite using short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy. In the alunite-kaolinite mixtures, the spectral absorption characteristics of the alunite was highly correlated with the Hull quotient reflectance(0.99) and the kaolinite had the highest correlation with the Gaussian peak(0.92). Illite-kaolinite mixtures are essential for Gaussian deconvolution because of the overlap of absorption region. Illite and kaolinite mixtures indicate the high correlation of 0.93 and 0.98, respectively. The error ranges in the alunite-kaolinite(8%) and illite-kaolinite mixtures(5%) derived from SWIR were smaller than the ones(29% and 26%) obtained from X-ray diffraction(Rietveld) analysis. These results show that SWIR spectroscopic analysis is more reliable than XRD Rietveld analysis in terms of quantification of allowed minerals.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the effects of cow manure originated from the clay mineral (porphyrite, zeolite and bentonite) feeding on the growth of Zea mays GK729. CEC of the manure after bentonite, zeolite, and porphyrite feeding were 147.5, 137.0, and 114.0 cmol/Kg, respectively. These values were higher than that of non-mineral treated manure, 107.5 cmol/Kg. After 3 month growing, there was significant difference among treatment in the biomass prodcution and the content of minerals in plant tissue of Z. mays, but the physico-chemical properties of soils were not showed significant difference. For these results suggested that the clay mineral enhanced the grwoth of Z. mays according to the unknown mechanism, the further studies on the physiological changes will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.890-894
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• 1989

The proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids in three types of Ganoderma lucidum produced from timber bed cultivation, pot cultivation, and antlered form from pot cultivation were determined. The results obtained art as follows. The contents of crude fibers carbohydrates, crude proteins, crude fats and crude ashes were 47.2-499%, 29.1-31.1%, 15.2-15.6%, 4.0-4.4% and 1.3-1.7% on dry basis, respectively. The content of K (2,742-4,843 ppm in dry basis) was the highest, followed by p, Mg, Ca and Na. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid in the total lipid was 81.0-82.1%. The major fatty acids were oleic acid and linoleic acid. The contents of histidine (9.47-13.06 mg/g on dry basis) and methionine (0.20-0.44mg/g in dry basis) were the highest and the lowest in the total amino acids, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.537-543
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• 2003

As pyrite is commonly associated with arsenopyrite, the use of pyrite including arsenopyrite for medicine requires close attention on arsenic toxicity. The toxicity was reduced by traditional processing operations include heating and quenching in vinegar. To verify the scientific effects of this process, pyrite containing many crystals of arsenopyrite was processed at temperatures from 45$0^{\circ}C$ to 85$0^{\circ}C$ and through as many as 5 processing cycles. Arsenopyrite completely disappeared when processed only once at $650^{\circ}C$ while it remained even after 5 processing cycles at 45$0^{\circ}C$. Arsenic was most abundant in medicinal mineral samples processed at 45$0^{\circ}C$ and sharply decreased when processed at $650^{\circ}C$ or 85$0^{\circ}C$ And arsenic extraction test in water was carried out from the processed pyrite medicine on the assumption that pyrite medicines with the lowest As metal content would be most desirable. Arsenic were most abundant in water extracted from medicinal mineral samples processed at 45$0^{\circ}C$ and sharply decreased when processed at $650^{\circ}C$ or 85$0^{\circ}C$. But the extracted As concentrations in water exceeded drinking water standards even when processed at 85$0^{\circ}C$. Increasing temperature promoted elimination of arsenopyrite and reduction of As in medicinal minerals and the extraction solutions. But the effects of processing cycles at the same processing temperature were not clear. Heating temperature is more important than number of processing cycles for the removal of arsenic, and it is necessary to heat pyrite to over $650^{\circ}C$ to remove it.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.345-361
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• 1994

Lens shaped titanomagnetite ore bodies in the Soyeonpyeong iron mine are embedded in amphibolites, which were intruded into Precambrian metasediments such as garnet-mica schist, marble, mica schist, and quartz schist. Mineral chemistry, K-Ar dating and hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic analysis for the amphibolites and titanomagnetite ores were conducted to interpret petrogenesis of amphibolite and ore genesis of titanomagnetite iron ore deposits. Amphibolites of igneous origin have unusually high content of $TiO_2$, ranging from 0.94 to 6.39 wt.% with an average value of 4.05 wt.%. REE patterns of the different lithology of the amphibolite show the similar trend with an enrichment of LREE. Amphiboles of amphibolites are consist mainly of calcic amphiboles such as ferro-hornblende, tschermakite, ferroan pargasite, and ferroan pargasitic hornblende. K-Ar ages of hornblende from amphibolite and gneissic amphibolite were determined as $440.04{\pm}6.39Ma$ and $351.03{\pm}5.21Ma$, respectively. This indicates two metamorphic events of Paleozoic age in the Korean peninsula which are correlated with Altin orogeny in China. The titanomagnetite mineralization seems to have occurred before Cambrian age based on occurrence of orebodies and ages of host amphibolites. The Soyeonpyeong iron ores are composed mainly of titanomagnetite, ilmenite, and secondary minerals such as ilmenite and hercynite exsolved in titanomagnetite. The temperature and the oxygen fugacity estimated by the titanomagnetite-ilmenite geothermometer are $500{\sim}600^{\circ}C$ (ave. $550^{\circ}C$) and about $2{\pm}10^{-23}bar$, respectively. Hornblendes from ores and amphibolites which responsible for magnetite ore mineralization, have a relatively homogeneous isotopic composition ranging from +0.8 to +3.9 ‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$ and from -87.8 to -113.3 ‰ in ${\delta}D$. The calculated oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the fluids which were in equilibrium with hornblende at $550^{\circ}C$, range from 2.8 to 5.9‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O_{H2O}$ and from -60.41 to -81.31 ‰ in ${\delta}D_{H2O}$. The ${\delta}^{18}O_{H2O}$ value of magnetite ore fluids are in between +6.4 to + 7.9 ‰. All of these values fall in the range of primary magmatic water. A slight oxygen shift means that $^{18}O$-depleted meteoric water be acted with basic fluids during immiscible processes between silicate and titaniferous oxide melt. Mineral chemistry, isotopic compositions, and occurences of amphibolites and orebodies, suggest that the titanomagnetite melt be separated immisciblely from the titaniferous basic magma.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.273-280
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• 2015

Lentils (Lens culinaris) are a nutritious and popular food throughout the world. This review provides an overview of the nutritional and functional properties of lentils. Lentils have high nutritional value: high protein, high fiber, low fat, and a variety of minerals. The addition of lentils to other foods could enhance their health benefits. Additionally, there is no decrease in the amino acid content in lentils when cooked; rather, the amino acids increased and the phytic acids decreased. Lentils are generally known to have biomedical functions including antioxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and thrombolytic properties. The data presented here show that fermentation would increase the amount of bioactive substances in the beans. Therefore, fermentation techniques could be a new approach to produce lentil-based foods. They are also eco-friendly, cost-effective, and feasible processes. This review has suggested a future development of new lentil-related foods using traditional fermentation technology.