• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index (BMI), stress, and health promotion lifestyle of female college students and to assess relations among them. Methods: A total of 220 female college students were assessed through anthropometric measurements and bone mineral density test using quantitative ultrasound. In addition, the subjects were asked about stress and health promotion lifestyle with a self-rating questionnaire. Collected data were processed with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: 1) Of the students, 67.8% had weight control experience. The percentage of the osteoporosis, osteopenia and normal groups were 2.8%, 53.5% and 43.8%, respectively, and the percentage of the underweight, normal and overweight groups according to BMI were 27.9%, 57.2% and 14.9%, respectively. 2) The levels of stress and health promotion lifestyle were 2.9 and 2.3, respectively. 3) There was a positive correlation between BMD and BMI (r=.196, p<.01). There was a negative correlation between stress and health promotion lifestyle (r=-.35, p<.01). 4) Weight control experience made negative effects on BMD and BMI. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the necessity of new health promotion programs to increase bone density of female college students. Stress management programs are also needed.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.145-155
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• 2017

Objectives : To investigate the factors affecting bone mineral density in across stratified postmenopausal ages. Methods : Data from 1,698 subjects who completed the 2010-2011 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 21.0 The $x^2$ test and one way (ANOVA) were used to verify the relationship between general characteristics and health behaviors and the prevalence of osteoporosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to verify the factors Influencing bone mineral density. Results : The bone mineral density distribution was the highest among those with osteopenia, with proportions of 21.8% in healthy subjects, 58.1% in osteopenia, and 20.0% in those with osteoporosis. The distribution of osteoporosis by age group was 5.2% among subjects in their 50s, 15.4% among those in their 60s, and 42.4% among those in their 70s. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis according to ages was significantly correlated with age, educational level, body mass index(BMI), and parity 4 of more than 1-2 babies. Conclusions : Although age is an uncontrollable factor in the prevention of osteoporosis, educational level and BMI are correctable factors to maintain bone mineral density. There is a need to maintain healthy BMI and expand osteoporosis prevention education.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1992

Bone mineral density was measured to assess whether the patients with premonopausal hypogonadism, comprised of 19 patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(HH), 55 with premature ovarian failure(POF), 23 with hyperprolactinemia(HPLN), and 8 with Sheehan's syndrome. All aged from 20 to 39, were associated with some decrease in regional bone mass compared with that of 63 normal-associated with some decrease in regional bone mass compared with that of 63 normal-cycling control women matched with age and sex. Measurement of bone mineral density was carried out using Dual photon absorptiometry at four sites; femur neck, ward's triangle, trochanter and spine(L2-L4). Bone mineral density at all four sites were significantly decreased in patients with HH(p<0.01), POF(p<0.01). In hyperprolactinemic patients, the decrease in bone mass was significant at femur neck and Ward's triangle(p<0.05). The patients with POF were noted to be associated with significant bone loss when their duration of amenorrhea exceeded one year. In this study, the degree of loss of bone mass and the affected sites seemed to be different depending on the various types of hypogonadism and POF was noted have caused the appearance of loss of bone mass earlier than other thpes of hypogondism we experienced.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2010

Osteoporosis is a disease that increases the fracture rates and a major cause of increased mortality and morbidity in the elderly people. This study is to determine which components of body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors are important to bone health, we analysed the relationship among bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors in females. Totally 630 females participated in a medical check-up program (mean age 47 years) were selected for this study. Body composition analysis was performed by segmental bioelectrical impedance method, muscle mass, and percent body fat were measured. We also measured metabolic syndrome risk factors including abdominal obesity, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure and fasting glucose level. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP-ATP III criteria. The lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured using the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were observed in 180 and 51 persons, respectively. Muscle mass and HDL-cholesterol decreased in osteopenia and osteoporosis groups compared to the control group, and the grade was shown progressively by the symptoms. Significant positive correlation between BMD and muscle mass was observed. Multi variable regression analyses showed that % body fat and muscle mass were independent predictors of BMD after adjustment of age, height and weight. In conclusion, the BMD showed negative correlation with the metabolic and body composition was associated with BMD.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2024

Critical minerals such as nickel, cobalt and lithium, are known as materials for cathodic active materials of lithium ion batteries. The consumption of the minerals is expected to grow with increasing the demands of electric vehicles, resulting from carbon neutrality. Especially, the demand for LIB (lithium ion battery) recycling is expected to increase to meet the supply of nickel, cobalt and lithium for LIB. The recycling of EOL (end-of-life) LIB can be achieved by leaching EOL LIB using inorganic acid such as HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄, which are regarded as hazardous materials. In the present study, the potential use of MSA (Methanesulfonic acid), as an alternative lixiviant replacing sulfuric acid was investigated. In addition, leaching behaviors of NCM black mass leaching with MSA was also investigated by studying various leaching factors such as chemical concentration, leaching time, pulp density (P/D) and temperatures. The leaching efficiency of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lithium (Li), and manganese (Mn) from LIB was enhanced by increasing concentration of lixiviant and reductant, leaching time and temperature. The maximum leaching of the metals was above 99% at 80℃. In addition, MSA can replace sulfuric acid to recover Ni, Co, Li, Mn from NCM black mass.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.786-796
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density(BMD), body composition and life styles of female college students. The subjects were 334 students with a mean age of 21.0 years. BMDs of forearm and calcaneus were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedence analysis. The means for weight, height, and body mass index(BMI) of the subjects were 55.7 kg, 161.0 cm, 21.5 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Grouping by the BMI, 13.2% of the subjects were classified as overweight, and 11.1% of the subjects as obese group. BMD in the forearm and calcaneus were 0.390 g/$cm^2$, 0.514 g/$cm^2$. In the forearm, 58.1% and 9.6% of the subjects were classified as osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively, and in the calcaneus, 12.0% and 0.3% of the subjects were classified as osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively. Body weight, skeletal muscle mass, lean body mass, fat mass and BMI were positively correlated with BMDs in the forearm and calcaneus($r$=0.180~0.495, $p$ <0.01~0.001), and height, % body fat and waist-hip ratio(WHR) were positively correlated with BMDs in the calcaneus($r$=0.213~0.239, $p$ <0.001), but not in the forearm. The factors such as beginning age of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking and exercise had significant influence on BMD($p$ <0.05; p<0.001), whereas sleeping hours, activity level, frequency of exercise, meal times, frequency of snack and fried food intake, breakfast skipping and amount of meal had not significant influence on BMD. Therefore, the acquisition of balanced body composition is necessary through the increase of fat free mass and muscle mass, not through the increase of fat mass among female college students.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.297-305
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density, dietary habits, life styles and anthropometric measurements in young women. Subjects included 229 female college students in Seoul and Kyunggi province. Method: The subjects were asked about dietary habits and life styles using questionnaire. A sampel of 229 young women was assessed anthropometric measurements and bone mineral density on calcaneous using quantitative ultrasound. Result: The percentages of the osteoporosis(T-score<-2.5), osteopenia(-2.5${\leq}$T-score<-1.0), and normal(T-score${\geq}$-1.0) groups were 1.75%, 13.53% and 84.71%, respectively. Weight, soft lean mass, and BMI were positively related with T-score and Z-score. But height was negative related with SOS(Speed of sounds). Conclusion: This study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone mineral density less in young women is to maintain an adequate body weight, soft lean mass, and BMI. And the young women were recommended do not one-side eating, daily intakes of milk products, perform daily physical exercise, and do not drink coke or soft drinks for the bone health.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.283-291
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• 2008

The present study is purposed to suggest accurate guidelines for developing standardized chicken meat stock containing salt, and to develop a product for mass production of uniform quality achieved by applying High Pressure Extraction Cooking(HPEC) using a high.pressure extractor. Through this study, we examined water contents, ash contents, salinity, turbidity and mineral contents of chicken meat stock according to the addition of salt. The ash contents increased with the increase of the addition of salt, but the water contents decreased with the increase of the addition of salt. Salinity increased with the increase of the addition of salt. Turbidity decreased with the increase of the addition of salt, and difference in turbidity according to the addition of salt was regular. Among mineral contents, Na showed the highest content, which was believed to be because of the addition of salt, and it was followed by K and P. The results of this study show that the mineral contents in the stock were different according to the addition of salt, but they were neither proportional to the addition of salt nor showed a regular pattern.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.334-337
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• 2004

Groundwater chemistry in Namwon area, Korea, was investigated to understand the contribution of geochemical processes on groundwater chemistry. For this study, a total of 279 groundwater samples were collected from 93 wells distributed over the study area. Higher concentrations of major ions are generally encountered in the shallow alluvial wells, suggesting that these chemicals are originated from the surface contamination sources. Mass balance analysis based on reaction stoichiometry reveals that the water chemistry is regulated by three major chemical processes: weathering of silicate/ carbonate minerals, input of C1/SO$_4$ salts, and nitrate generating processes. The results show that mineral weathering is the most dominating factor regulating the groundwater chemistry. However, the groundwaters with the higher salt concentration indicate the larger mineral weathering effect, suggesting that some part of the mineral weathering effect is also associated with the anthropogenic activities such as limes applied to the cultivated lands, carbonates (CaCO$_3$) in the cement materials.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the literature to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly using an integrative review. Methods: The keywords 'osteoporosis,' 'body mass index,' and 'bone mineral density' were used to search peer-reviewed publications through four databases. Among 1,389 searched articles, eight articles were selected after excluding those that did not meet the inclusion criteria. Results: Seven articles stated that BMI was positively associated with BMD among elderly. In the elderly, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 25-55.7% in women, and 11-13% in men. Conclusion: This study found that high BMI may be helpful to increase BMD among elderly although the mechanism was not clear. It is necessary to identify BMD and fractures in elderly according to body composition in future research.