• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.187-203
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• 2000

Mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) occur in the granites from the Bohyunsan area. The host granites are generally of granodioritic and granitic compositions. The MME can be divided into magic mineral clusters, quartz diorite and diorite according to their occurrence. Halter variation diagrams show linear trends between the MME and the host granites. Though the rim compositions of plagioclase in the host granites and the MME are similar the core compositions of plagioclase in some host granites show abnormally high An content. The Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio of hornblende in the host granites gradually increase from the core to the rim. The chemical composition of minerals in the host granites had been affected by more marc magma composition. The modelling of major elements of the MME and hybrid host granites also indicate that they result from simple mingling/mixing between a dioritic magma and the host granite magma. The MME are thus interpreted to be globules of a more mafic magma which intruded the granite magma. Partial equilibration has been achieved between the MME and the host granites after they were commingled with each other.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.214-233
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• 2002

Igneous rocks of Mt. Mudeung area are composed of Pre-Cambrian granite gneiss, Triassic hornblende-biotite granodiorite, Jurassic quartz diorite and Cretaceous igneous rocks. The Cretaceous igneous rocks consist of volcanic rocks (Hwasun andesite, Mudeung-san dacite and Dogok rhyolite) and granitic rocks (micrograpic granite and quartz porphyry). Major elements of the Cretaceous igneous rocks represent calc-alkaline rock series and correspond to a series of differentiated products from cogenetic magma. Igneous activity of Mt. Mudeung area started from volcanic activity, and continued to intrusive activity at end of the Cretaceous. In chondrite normalized REE pattern, most of igneous rocks of Mt. Mudeung area show similar pattern of Eu (-) anomaly. This is a characteristic feature of granite in continental margin by tectonic movement. Variation diagrams of total REE vs. La/Yb V vs. SiO$_2$ indicate differentiation and magnetite fractionation sequential trend of Hwasun andesite longrightarrowMudeungsan dacitelongrightarrowquartz porphyry. In mineral composition of these igneous rocks in mt. Mudeung area, composition of plagioclase and biotite coincidence with variation of whole rock composition, and emplacement and consolidation of magma is about 15 km (about 4.9 Kbar) in Jurassic quartz diorite and 2.0~3.2 km (0.6~1.0 Kbar) in Triassic hornblende-biotite granodiorite used by amphibolite geobarometer. Parental magma type of these granitic rocks of nt. Mudeung area corresponds to VAG field in Pearce diagram, and I-type in ACF diagram.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 2000

The chemical components of Korean rice germ were analyzed. Proximate compositions of rice germ were as follows; crude lipid 21.18%, crude protein 16.50%, crude fiber 2.95%, crude ash 6.23% and carbohydrate 44.45%. Free sugar compositions were as follows; fructose 50.20mg/100g, glucose 68.80mg/100g, maltose 569.00mg/100g. Major amino acids of rice germ are glutamic acid (1920.9mg/100g), arginine (1503.7mg/100g), aspartic acid(1208.7mg/100g) and leucine (1039.7mg/100g). Fatty acid compositions of rice germ lipid extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1) were palmitic (22.2%), linoleic acid (38.9%), oleic acid (24.7%) and palmitic acid (22.2%). Mineral elements were phosphorus (1766.22mg/100g) and potassium (1217.80mg/100g). Vitamins were composed of Vit E (11.96mg/100g) Vit B1 (5.69mg/100g) and niacin (2.96mg/100g). 16 flavonoids and 9 phenolic acids in rice germ were not detected. Above the chemical components of rice germ were compared with that of rice endosperm and wheat germ.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2004

$SiO_2$ and CaO are added to decrease the smelting temperature in the reduction-smelting method for manganese nodule processing. These elements are components of the manganese nodules and might be very important controlling factors in the processing due to the locally variable content. The 707 chemical data of manganese nodules acquired from 1994 to 2001 in KODOS(Korea Deep Ocean Survey) area were used for the hierarchical cluster analysis. The chemical data were classified by the morphological types, and the averages of the chemical data for each station were classified by the facies groups and the localities. All data are plotted on the $SiO_2-CaO-MnO$ phase diagram at $1773^{\circ}K$ to compare with the best compositional area in the nodule smelting. Variations and distributions of $SiO_2$ and CaO in KODOS nodules were also reviewed. The mineral phases assigned by the cluster analysis are CFA(Carbonate Fluorapatite), Fe-oxide, Al-silicate, and Mn-oxide. MnO contents are generally higher than $SiO_2$ contents in most of the morphological types except for the Is- and It-type. The Dt- and Tt-type show wider range and the E-types show high anomaly in their CaO contents. The stations which belong to facies group A and B show generally higher MnO contents than $SiO_2$ contents, however, the stations of facies group C and D show wide range in their MnO and $SiO_2$ contents. It seems to be very important to control the $SiO_2$ contents in the processing because of the wide range in the northern area. The additions of approximately 10 wt.% CaO and 10 wt.% $SiO_2$ are recommended for the northern area, whereas, the additions of approximately 10 wt.% CaO and 20 wt.% $SiO_2$ are recommended for the southern area.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.112-122
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• 2007

It is known that coal-derived fly ashes have the unique chemical composition and mineralogical characteristics. Since iron oxides in coal fly ash are enriched with heavy metals, the subsurface media including soils, underground water, and sea water are highly likely contaminated with heavy metals when the heavy metals are leached from fly ashes by water-fly ash interactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate how indigenous bacteria affect heavy metal leaching and mineralogy in fly ash slurry during the fly ash-seawater interactions in the ash pond located in Dangjin seashore, Korea. The average pH of ash pond seawater was 8.97 in nature. Geochemical data showed that microbial activity sharply increased after the 7th day of the 60-day course batch experiments. Compared with other samples including autoclaved and natural samples, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ was likely to decrease considerably in the fly ash slurry samples when glucose was added to stimulate the microbial activity. Geochemical data including Eh/pH, alkalinity, and major and trace elements showed that the bacteria not only immobilize metals from the ash pond by facilitating the chemical reaction with Mn, Fe, and Zn but may also be able to play an important role in sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbonate mineral precipitation.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.477-490
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• 2003

Bottom sediments from Youngil Bay, East Coast of Korea, were analyzed for grain composition as well as elemental compositions and total organic carbon (TOC) content in order to investigate the spatial variability and content of metal elements. Grain size distribution of the sediments seems to be controlled by anticlockwise current pattern with bottom topography of the study area. Spatial variability of TOC and all elemental contents reflects those of grain size, but an exception was found in the harbor area (Old-Port): their contents are high in the central part of the bay with the muddy sediment and decrease toward the sand-dominated coastal zone. However, contents of Ca, Sr, K are high in the sand-dominated coastal zone and contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) are high in the Old-Port area and the mouth of Hyeongsan River. The correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses reveal that four important factors controlling the distribution of metals in the bay are sediment grain size (or quartz dilution effect), the formation of sulfide minerals associated with decomposition of organic matters under anoxic geochemical environment, calcium carbonate (mainly shell fragments) and coarse-grained feldspar mineral. According to the metal content of labile fraction an CER (concentration enrichment ratio) value, high accumulation of some heavy metals in the harbor area seems to result not formed by early diagenetic processes under anoxic environment.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2013

Duibaejae basalts from Goseong, Gangwon-do, are divided into the lower basalt and the upper basalt depending on the properties, such as occurrence, mineral compositions, and major and trace compositions of the basalts. The lower basalts have characteristics of agglomerate rocks as well as contain, crustal and mantle xenoliths, and olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase xenocrysts. The upper basalts with columnar joints contain relatively more mantle xenolith and olivine xenocryst than the lower basalts. The major and trace element compositions suggest that the composition of the upper basalts is close to primary magma composition. Enrichment and depletion patterns of the trace and the rare-earth elements of the lower basalts are similar to those of the upper basalts, whereas the lower basalts are more LREE enriched than the upper basalts. The source magmas of the lower and upper basalts from Duibaejae volcanic edifice were generated from about 0.8-1.2% and 3.7-4.0% batch melting of garnet peridotite, respectively. The abundance of granite xenolith, and plagioclase and quartz xenocrysts with reaction rim indicates that the lower basalts, compared with upper basalts, might have been assimilated with the crustal materials during ascending to surface.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2004

This article reviews the development of three-dimensional (3-D) magnetotelluric (MT) modeling. The 3-D modeling of electromagnetic fields is essential in understanding the physics of MT soundings, and in implementing an inversion method to reconstruct a 3-D resistivity image. Although various numerical schemes have been developed over the last two decades, practical methods have been quite limited. However, the recent rapid improvement in computer speed and memory, as well as the advance in iterative solution algorithms for a large system of equations, makes it possible to model the MT responses of complex 3-D structures, which have been very difficult to simulate before. The use of staggered grids in finite difference method has become popular, conserving a magnetic flux and an electric current and allowing for realistic discontinuous fields. The convergence of numerical solutions has been greatly accelerated by adopting Krylov subspace methods, proper preconditioning techniques, and static divergence corrections. The vector finite-element method using edge elements is also free from the discontinuity problem, and seems a natural choice for modeling complex structures including irregular topography because its flexibility allows one to capture full geometric complexity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2002

Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal compounds fecund In a variety of plants, which exert estrogenic effects in animals. In this study, the physico-chemical properties of Iranian black pomegranate extract and its products as preliminarily research for the developing of natural estrogen supplement were evaluated. The chemical components of Iranian black pomegranate extracts and its product (Forever 120) were analyzed. Proximate compositions of pomegranate extracts were as follows; crude lipid 0.4%, crude protein 0.9%, crude ash 1.4% and carbohydrate 42.0%. Major amino acids of pomegranate extracts are glutamic acid (1310.0ppm), aspartic acid (896.2ppm), arginine (877.7ppm) and phenylalanine (57.5ppm). Fatty acid compositions of pomegranate extract 1ibid extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1) were myristic (13.1%), stearic (69.4), oleic acid (6.8%) and palmitic acid (8.3%). Mineral elements were ferrous (6640.0ppm) and potassium (2550.8ppm). Vitamins were composed of ascorbic acid(20.0mg/100g), Vit. B$_1$(0.12mg/100g) and niacin (0.80mg/100g). 20 phytoestrogens and 20 estrogens of pomegranate extracts were detected Daidzein (0.29ppm), quercetin (9.75ppm) genistein (0.29ppm) and 17 $\beta$ -estradiol(0.15ppm). Above the chemical components of pomegranate extracts were compared with that of pomegranate its product or other isoflavon concentrates.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.644-649
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• 2012

The edible barnyard millets(Echinochloa spp.) which have essentially vanished in the farmhouses environment and in agricultural germplasm were evaluated with the aim of restoration as a crop. The proximate components and mineral elements of milled millet were nutritionally similar or better than brown rice, and the vitamin contents of $B_1$ and $B_2$ exceeded those of rice by 1.3 times and 2.3 times, respectively. ${\beta}$-Carotene which is absent from brown rice was detected at levels ranging from 15~31 ${\mu}g$ in millet samples. Nine essential amino acids, including histidine and arginine and eight non-essential amino acids, such as aspartic acid were detected. The sum of all amino acids was determined to be IEC518>525>510 in the range of 69~106 mg/g. Analysis of physiological active substances via their electron donating ability(EDA) revealed values ranging from 3.4~8.2%, with the total polyphenol component being 51.1~69.4 mg/g and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition ability determined as 8.3~10.9%. In terms of agronomical characteristics and yields of barnyard millet, three millet varieties(IEC510, 518, and 525) were suitable as edible crops. IEC525 was selected as optimum variety for cultivation on the basis of nutritional ingredients, physiological active substances, and yield.