• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1098-1109
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate macro-mineral contents in human milk longitudinally from 2 days to 12 weeks postpartum. Milk samples were collected from 34 healthy lactating women. Calcium, Phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium were analyzed. Concentrations of the minerals except for magnesium differed significantly within the lactation period. The levels of sodium and potassium declined linearly over the first 12 weeks of lactation, but that of phosphorus increased. Statistically significant quadratic trends were observed in phosphorus and sodium concentrations. There was no significant correlation between maternal age and mineral concentrations throughout the lactations period. In addition, no significant differences were found between the primipara and the multipara for mineral concentrations in human milk. Mineral intake of lactating women did not affect the individual mineral concentrations of milk. However, the protein and fat intake of lactating women had a significant correlation with sodium and potassium concentrations. The following four pairs of minerals : potassium and calcium, potassium and phosphorus, sodium and magnesium, and calcium and phosphorus showed a positive correlation with each other in human milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.620-628
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• 1995

This study investigated micro-mineral content in human milk along with nutritional intake of lactating women. Milk samples were collected from 33 healthy lactating women and mineral levels were analyzed. Copper, zinc, manganese and selenium were analyzed. The factors that affect the mineral levels in human milk were also investigated longitudinally from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum. Concentrations of manganese and selenium didn't differ significantly within the lactation period. the levels of copper and zinc declined linearly over the first 12 weeks of lactation. Statistically significant quadratic trends were observed in zinc concentrations. There was no significant correlation between maternal age and mineral concentrations throughout the lactation period. In addition, no significant differences were found between the primipara and the multipara for mineral concentrations in human milk.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.212-219
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the association between hair mineral levels and nutrient intakes, age, and BMI in female adults who visited a woman's clinic located in Seoul. Dietary intakes were assessed by food frequency questionnaire and mineral levels were measured in collected hairs, and the relationship between these was examined. The average daily nutrient intakes of subjects were compared to those of the KDRIs, and the energy intake status was fair. The average intake of calcium in women of 50 years and over was 91.35% of KDRls and the potassium intake was greatly below the recommended levels in all age groups. In the average hair mineral contents in subjects, calcium and copper exceeded far more than the reference range while selenium was very low with 85.19% of subjects being lower than the reference value. In addition, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, iron, and manganese in the hair were below the reference ranges in over 15% of subjects. The concentrations of sodium, chromium, sulfur, and cadmium in the hair showed positive correlations (P < 0.05) with age, but the hair zinc level showed a negative correlation (P < 0.05) with age. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, chromium, and cadmium in the hair showed positive correlations (P < 0.05) with BMI. Some mineral levels in subjects of this study showed significant correlations with nutrient intakes, but it seems that the hair mineral content is not directly influenced by each mineral intake. As described above, some hair mineral levels in female adults deviated from the normal range, and it is considered that nutritional intervention to control the imbalance of mineral nutrition is required. Also, as some correlations were shown between hair mineral levels and age, BMI, and nutrient intakes, the possibility of utilizing hair mineral analysis for specific purposes in the future is suggested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1279-1287
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• 2009

Concentrated livestock production has led to soil nutrient accumulation concerns. To reduce the environmental impact, it is necessary to understand current recommended livestock feeding practices. Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of trace mineral supplementation on performance, carcass composition, and fecal mineral excretion of phase-fed, grow-finish pigs. Crossbred pigs (Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), (n = 528); Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), (n = 560)) were housed in totally-slatted, confinement barns, blocked by weight, penned by sex, and randomly assigned to pens at approximately 18 kg BW. Treatments were allocated in a randomized complete block design (12 replicate pens per treatment) with 9 to 12 pigs per pen throughout the grow-finish period. In Exp. 1, the control diet (Io100) contained Cu as $CuSO_{4}$, Fe as $FeSO_{4}$, and Zn (of which 25% was ZnO and 75% was $ZnO_{4}$) at concentrations of 63 and 378 mg/kg, respectively. Treatment 2 (O100) contained supplemental Cu, Fe, and Zn from organic sources (Bioplex, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) at concentrations of 19, 131, and 91 mg/kg, respectively, which are the commercially recommended dietary inclusion levels for these organic trace minerals. Organic Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations from O100 were reduced by 25% and 50% to form treatments 3 (O75) and 4 (O50-1), respectively. In Exp. 2, treatment 5 (Io25) contained 25% of the Cu, Fe, and Zn (inorganic sources) concentrations found in Io100. Treatment 6 (O50-2) was identical to the O50-1 diet from Exp. 1. Treatment 7 (O25) contained the experimental microminerals reduced by 75% from concentrations found in O100. Treatment 8 (O0) contained no trace mineral supplementation and served as a negative control for Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, tenth-rib backfat, loin muscle area and ADG did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Pigs fed the control diet (Io100) consumed less feed (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed diets containing organic trace minerals, thus, G:F was greater (p = 0.03). In Exp. 2, there were no differences among treatment means for loin muscle area, but pigs fed the reduced organic trace mineral diets consumed less (p<0.05) feed and tended (p = 0.10) to have less tenth-rib backfat compared to pigs fed the reduced inorganic trace mineral diet. Considering that performance and feed intake of pigs was not affected by lower dietary trace mineral inclusion, mineral excretion could be reduced during the grow-finish phase by reducing dietary trace mineral concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1594-1600
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• 2010

A study was conducted to determine the dietary effects of a clay mineral (sodium bentonite, NaB) on manure gas emission, health, production, and meat characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Two diets fed to steers included a control diet (concentrate mix and rice straw) and a treatment diet (control diet+1.0% clay mineral/concentrate mix). Dietary NaB addition considerably reduced concentrations of gases ($H_2S$, $SO_2$ and $NH_3$) in the manure of Hanwoo steers. Growing steers fed NaB had similar blood profiles with the exception of lower (p<0.05) concentrations of blood alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Dietary NaB addition tended to increase (p = 0.10) live weight by 30 kg at slaughtering and did not affect carcass yield and quality traits. Dietary NaB addition increased concentrations of P (p<0.01), Mg (p<0.01), Na (p<0.01), Zn (p<0.005), K (p = 0.08), Fe (p = 0.08) and Cu (p = 0.07) in the longissimus muscle compared to the control but did not affect (p>0.05) fatty acid composition. The study demonstrated that the dietary addition of a clay mineral could be effective in improving mineral bioavailability to Hanwoo steers, which could be one of the reasons for their improved performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 1996

Eight Philoppine forages were studied to obtain the following: 1) nutrient concentrations and digestibility, 2) distribution of the various minerals in fiber fractions through mineral analyses of neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) residues, and 3) correlation coefficients among the factors affecting forage quality and mineral concentrations. These Philippine forages were paragrass [Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf], stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger), napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) calopo (Calopogonium muconoides Desv.), centrocema (Centrocema pubescens Benth.), gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.] leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] and sesbania [Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir]. Species differences(p<0.01) were observed on various nutrient fractions including mineral composition and digestibility. The cell wall(NDF) fraction, prepared by boiling in neutral detergent solution, contained the following proportions of the total mineral originally present (%): calcium (Ca), 0.7; phosphorus(P), 14.3; magnesium(Mg), 1.9; potassium(K), 3.7; copper(Cu), 16.4; zinc(Zn), 2.9; molybdenum(Mo), 9.3; cobalt(Co), 16.2; manganese(Mn), 5.6, and iron(Fe), 81.3. The ligno-cellulose(ADF) fraction, prepared by boiling in acid detergent solution, contained the following proportions of the total mineral originally present(%): Ca, 0.2; P, 4.4; Mg, 0.7; K, 2.8; Cu, 32.3; Zn, 1.1; Mo, 8.9; Co, 4.7; Mn, 5.4; and Fe, 36.8. Correlation coefficients among the factors affection forage quality and mineral concentrations were also observed. Evidently, 75 and 45% of the minerals in grasses and legumes was positively correlated to CP and IVDMD, respectively. Moreover, 55, 80 and 75% of the forage minerals was negatively correlated to NDF, ADF and ADL fraction, respetively, implying that most of the minerals reside in the non-structural cell components.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.31-40
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• 2015

Various types of inorganic and organic colloids are present in natural water including groundwater. Previous studies showed that Fe, Mn and Al are colloid-forming elements and dissolved concentrations can be erroneous for these elements if water samples are not properly filtered. Dissolved concentrations of elements including Ca, Na, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Si and Al in groundwater from alluvial and bedrock aquifers, and surface water near Nakdong River were determined to evaluate effects of colloids on dissolved concentrations in natural water samples using various pore sizes of filters. Groundwater is mostly anoxic and have elevated concentrations of Fe and Mn, which provides a unique opportunity to observe the effects of colloids on dissolved concentrations of colloid-forming elements. Membrane filters with four kinds of pore sizes of 1000 nm, 450 nm, 100 nm, and 15 nm were used for filtration of water samples. Concentrations of dissolved concentrations in each filtrate did not show significant differences from 1000 nm to 100 nm. However, concentrations of all elements considered were decreased in the filtrates obtained using 15 nm pore size filters by 10 to 15% compared to those using 450 nm except for bedrock groundwater. Al in surface water showed a distinct linear decrease with the decrease of filter pore sizes. These results showed that 100 nm pore size had little effect to remove colloidal particles in alluvial groundwater and surface water in our study. In contrast, significant concentration decreases in 15 nm pore size filtrates indicate that the presence of 15 to 100 nm colloidal particles may affect determination of dissolved concentrations of elements in natural water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.907-915
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• 2010

Three hundred and seventy-three steers (approximately 7 mo of age and $247{\pm}19.4\;kg$) were utilized to determine the effects of trace mineral (TM) source and growth implants on trace mineral status. Steers were blocked by ranch, post-weaning treatment within ranch, stratified by initial body weight, and randomly assigned to one of 36 pens (9-12 head/pen). Treatment consisted of: I) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co), ii) inorganic trace minerals, and iii) organic trace minerals. Six pens of steers per treatment received a growth implant at the beginning of the experiment and were re-implanted during the finishing phase. The remaining steers received no growth implants. Steers were fed a corn silage-based growing diet for 56 d then were gradually switched to a high concentrate finishing diet. Treatments during the finishing phase consisted of: i) control (no supplemental Zn); ii) inorganic Zn (30 mg of Zn/kg DM from $ZnSO_4$); and iii) organic Zn (iso-amounts of organic Zn). By the end of the growing and finishing phases, implanted steers had greater (p<0.01) plasma Cu concentrations than non-implanted steers. During the growing phase, liver Cu concentrations (p<0.01) and plasma Zn concentrations (p<0.02) were greater in steers supplemented with TM compared to control steers. Steers supplemented with inorganic minerals had greater liver Cu concentrations than steers supplemented with organic minerals at the beginning (p<0.01) and end (p = 0.02) of the growing phase. During both the growing (p = 0.02) and finishing phases (p = 0.05), nonimplanted control steers had greater plasma Cu concentrations than non-implanted steers supplemented with TM, whereas, implanted control steers had similar plasma Cu concentrations than implanted steers supplemented with TM. Non-implanted steers that received inorganic TM had lower plasma Cu concentrations (p = 0.03) during the growing phase and ceruloplasmin activity (p<0.04) during the finishing phase than non-implanted steers that received organic TM, whereas, implanted steers supplemented with either organic or inorganic TM had similar plasma Cu concentrations.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.477-490
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between blood pressure and serum mineral concentration in hypertension patients subjected to dehydration. The data were collected and analyzed for 7,109 patients who visited a hospital for their health checkup from 2011 till 2015. Respondents were classified into four groups depending upon their state of hypertension and dehydration: control group (no hypertension and no dehydrated), dehydrated group, hypertension group, and dehydrated with hypertension group. Hypertension group was found to have higher levels of serum sodium, calcium, and uric acid than the normal group, whereas the dehydrated group was found to have higher levels of serum sodium and potassium than the normal group. In effect, no significant correlation was directly observed between the hypertension group and dehydration group. However, there were significant negative correlations between dehydration of the old-aged group and their serum mineral concentrations, which are reportedly related to hypertension. Thus, dehydration prevention measures in the elderly over 65 could mitigate hypertension problems.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2007

The concentrations of fourteen mineral and trace elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Se, Ba, Co, Cu, V, Pb, Hg, Cd and As) were determined in Ganoderma Lucidum and their infusions consumed for medical purposes collected from Vietnam, China and some places in Korea. Concentrated acid digestion procedure was applied under optimized conditions for dissolution of these medicinal fungi. Element concentrations in these fungi and their in-fusions were then determined by ICP-AES. The mineral and trace element content of these samples and their in-fusions showed a wide variability However, distribution of some elements in the infusions is not high.