• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2013

Objective : Eucommiae Cortex is bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, a deciduous tree native to China. Today, teas or herbal drugs made from E. ulmoides leaves are widely consumed as a healthy food especially in Eastern Asia including Japan, China and Korea. This study was aimed to verify the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Eucommiae Cortex depending on characteristics of decoction water. Method : Six types of decoction water with various origin were prepared and the contents of minerals in water were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The contents of extracted bioactive compounds were analyzed by HPLC and the relationship between mineral contents and extracted bioactive compounds in the decoction water were analysed by multiple factor analysis. The decoction waters could be classified in three groups by hierarchical cluster analysis. Result : Extracted amounts of compounds in Eucommiae Cortex showed a positive relationship with Na, Si, K concentration in decoction water, while a negative relationship with Ca, Mg concentration. Conclusion : The study proved that the minerals in water influenced the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Eucommiae Cortex.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2023

The nucleation mechanism was studied using a calcium ion selective electrode (Ca ISE) to observe the formation of CaCO₃, a representative mineral in the CO2 cycle, and to analyze the effect of the Mg/Ca-ratio and temperature on the formation of pre-nucleation cluster (PNC) and CaCO₃. As a result of the experiment, a small amount of crystal was formed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used for surface element analysis, and a field emission scanning-electron microscope (FE-SEM) was used for the morphology analysis of synthesized carbonates. These results showed that various shapes of crystalline CaCO₃ (calcite, aragonite, etc.) were observed for each Mg/Ca ratio and temperature. In addition, the calibration plot obtained from Ca ISE showed information on the formation process of CaCO₃. Our results showed that as magnesium ions interfered with the binding of calcium and carbonate ions and delayed the aggregation between PNCs, the nucleation and formation of CaCO₃ were delayed. On the other hand, the temperature showed an opposite trend as compared to the effect of magnesium under our experimental conditions, indicating that temperature accelerated the formation of CaCO₃. Furthermore, the morphology of CaCO₃ clearly changed according to the Mg/Ca ratio and temperature, and it was confirmed that the two factors are very important for CaCO₃ formation in that they could affect the overall process.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1548-1551
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• 2004

studied on the physicochemistrical property of the clean active water depositting on the ceramic stone by the mineral-Oriental medicine. The results are as follows. The cluster of the clean active water is observed 53-66.5㎐ for contral water. The clean active water is observed 7.2 ph and 1.3330 refractive index for contral water. In the chemical experimental test by ICP, the clean active water is observed 102℃ in boiling point and 4.8㎎/100g V.E for 0㎎g/100g of contral water. In the antibiotic experimentation, an anion, the dimintion index of bacilli, radiation degree and radiate energy of the clean active water increased for contral water. And in the deodorization experimentation, the clean active water is observed 95% deodorization index.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

This study was carried out to find the relationships between species pairs in the vegetation of eastern valley vegetation in Mt. Kumjung from September 20, 1991 to October 15, 1992. Eight sites were selected, each being divided into 5 quadrats, and thus 40 quad- rats were in total. To know the correlation among plant species the $x^2$ values were calculated by using the method of Yates, and the results were analyzed by cluster analysis according to Sneath and Sokal, and the following conclusions were obtained. The species examined can be subdivided into five groups according to the relationships. However, the relationships are not correlated with pH, water-content, maximum water holding capacity and mineral content of soil probably due to the environmental discontinuity.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

The primary purpose of this research is to understand those elements that define heavy metals contamination and to propose a novel assessment method based on principal component analysis (PCA) in the Yangping River region of Lingbao City, China. This paper makes detailed calculations regarding such factors the single-factor assessment ($P_i$) and Nemerow's multi-factor index ($P_N$) of heavy metals found in the surface water of the Yangping River. The maximum values of $P_i$ (Cd) and $P_i$ (Pb) were determined to be 892.000 and 113.800 respectively. The maximum value of $P_N$ was calculated to be 639.836. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and PCA indicated heavy metal groupings as follows: Cu, Pb, Zn and As, Hg, Cd. The PCA-based pollution index ($P_{an}$) of samplings was subsequently calculated. The relative coefficient square was valued at 0.996 between $P_{an}$ and $P_N$, which indicated that $P_{an}$ is able to serve as a new heavy metal pollution index; not only this index able to eliminate the influence of the maximum value of $P_i$, but further, this index contains the principal component elements needed to evaluate heavy metal pollution levels.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.11 s.242
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• pp.1229-1238
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• 2005

The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of physical water treatment (PWT) technologies using different catalytic materials and an electronic anti-fouling device in the mitigation of mineral fouling in a once-through flow system with mini-channel heat exchanger. Effects of flow velocity and water hardness on the effectiveness of PWT technologies were experimentally studied. The artificial water hardness varied from 5.0 to 10 mo1/m$^{3}$ as CaCO$_{3}$. For 10 mo1/m$^{3}$ solution, fouling resistance reduced by 13-40$\%$ depending on flow velocity and types of PWT devices. On the other hand, fouling resistance reduced by 21-29$\%$ depending on the PWT devices for 5 mo11m3 solutions. The PWT device using alloy of Cu and Zn as catalyst (CM2) was slightly more effective than the others. SEM photographs of scale produced from the 10 mol/m$^{3}$ solution at 1.0 m/s indicated that calcium carbonate scales without PWT devices were needle-shaped aragonite, which is sticky, dense and difficult to remove. Scales with the PWT devices showed a cluster of spherical or elliptic shape crystals. Both the heat transfer test results and SEM photographs strongly support the efficacy of PWT technologies using catalytic materials and an electronic anti-fouling device in the mitigation of mineral fouling.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.245-252
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the distribution and compositions of clay mineral and to replenish the soil classification system in Korea. Soil layer samples were collected from 26 residuum and colluvium soil series out of 390 soil series in Korea, and then analyzed for soil physical and chemical characteristics, mineral and chemical compositions of clay in B horizon soils. Major clay minerals of residuum and colluvium were illite and chlorite in soils originated from the sedimentary rock such as limestone, shale, sandstone and conglomerate; quartz and kaolin in soils originated from rhyolite, neogene deposits, porphyry and tuff; and kaolin and quartz in the soils originated from granite, granite gneiss and anorthosite. Clay minerals in Korean soils were divided into 4 groups: mixed mineral group(MIX) mainly contained with illite, kaolin and vemiculite; kaolin group(KA) with kaolin and illite; chlorite group(CH) with chlorite and illite; and smectite group(SM) with kaolin, illite and smectite. The most predominant clay mineral group was kaolin group(KA) with kaolin and illite; an mixed mineral group(MIX) with illite, kaolin and vemiculite. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay was low in the soils mainly composed with MIX and KA groups and silica-alumina molar ratio of clay was high in the soils composed with SM group

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.341-354
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• 1989

Mineralogy and geochemistry of five pyrophyllite deposits in Yangsan-Milyang area such as Cheonbulsan, Dumyong, Dongrae, Youkwang, and Sungjin mines were investigated. Pyrophyllite ores consist mainly of pyrophyllite, sericite, and quartz with some amounts of kaolinite and pyrite. Polytype of pyrophyllite is 2M. Sericite has two polytypes of 1M and 2M1. The ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of pyrophyllite from the Cheonbulsan and the Dumyong mines were measured as 0.23-0.60‰ and 3.40‰, respectively, and those of montmorillonite and kaolinite from the Dumyong mine were in the range of 11.90-12.06‰. This low oxygen isotope composition provides conclusive evidence for hydrothermal activity in the studied area. Contents of major elements are more useful than those of trace elements to discriminate altered zones such as pyrophyllite, sericite, argillic, and andalusite zones from the surrounding rocks. Particularly, contents of $K_2O$, $Na_2O$ and CaO are helpful to identify alteration zones from the discriminant and the cluster analysis of multi-element data.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 2002

Discrete-variational(DV)-$X{\alpha}$ method was applied to investigate the electronic structures of spinel- type manganese oxide which is well known to the high performance adsorbent or cathode material for lithium ion. The results of DOS(density of states) and Mulliken population analysis showed that Li was nearly fully ionized and interactions between Mn and O were strong covalent bond. The effective charge of Li and Mn was +0.77 and +1.44 respectively and the overlap population between Mn and O was 0.252 in $LiMn_2O_4$. These results from DV-X$\alpha$ method were well coincided with the experimental result by XPS analysis and supported the feasibility of theoretical interpretation for the $LiMn_2O_4$ compound.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.66-81
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• 2014

A Fortran program was developed to determine the optimal locations of an artificial recharge well. Three objective functions were considered: (1) maximizing the recovery rates, (2) maximizing the injection rates, and (3) minimizing the coefficient of variation of the increased pumping rates. We also suggested a new aggregate objective function which combined the first and the third objective functions. The model results showed that locating the injection well inside the cluster of pumping wells was desirable if either the recovery or the injection rate was taken into account. However, the injection well located outside the cluster evenly increased the pumping rates in existing pumping wells. Therefore, for clustered pumping wells, installing an injection well at the center or the upstream of the pumping wells seems beneficial. For linear arrangement of pumping wells parallel to the constant head boundary, locating the injection well in the upstream was recommended. On the contrary, in case of the linear arrangement perpendicular to the constant head boundary, the injection well installed on both sides of the central part of the pumping wells was preferable.