• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2017

Purpose: Breastfeeding is the best way to feed all infants, but not all infants can be (exclusively) breastfed. Cow's milk based infant formula is the second choice infant feeding. Methods: The safety of a new synbiotic infant formula, supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides, with lactose and a whey/casein 60/40 protein ratio was tested in 280 infants during 3 months. Results: The median age of the infants at inclusion was 0.89 months. Weight evolution was in accordance with the World Health Organization growth charts for exclusive breastfed infants. The evolution of all anthropometric parameters (weight-for-length z score and body mass index-for-age z score) was within the normal range. The incidence of functional constipation (3.2%), daily regurgitation (10.9%), infantile crying and colic (10.5%) were all significantly lower than the reported median prevalence for a similar age according to literature (median value of 7.8% for functional constipation, 26.7% for regurgitation, 17.7% for infantile colic). Conclusion: The new synbiotic infant starter formula was safe, resulted in normal growth and was well tolerated. Functional gastro-intestinal manifestations (functional constipation, regurgitation and colic) were significantly lower than reported in literature. Synbiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides) in cow's milk based infant formula bring the second choice infant feeding, formula, closer to the golden standard, exclusive breastfeeding.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 단백질이 풍부한 원료 콩에 청국장에서 분리한 Bacillus subtilis와 김치에서 분리한 Lactobacillus plantarum을 이용한 혼합 발효를 통해 대두 발효 제품의 개발을 목표로 한 연구결과는 다음과 같은 분석 결과를 얻었다. Bacillus subtilis 단독 배양 발효 두유, Lactobacillus plantarum 단독 배양 발효 두유, 또한 두 균을 혼합 배양한 발효 두유의 항산화 활성을 상호 비교하였다. 그 결과, Bacillus subtilis 단독 배양 발효 두유의 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, 환원력, 아질산염 소거능이 각각 3580.91 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$, 67.14%, 6.54$mg/m{\ell}$, 83.63%로 가장 높았다. 혼합 발효 두유의 기능성을 증진시키기 위하여 토마토 추출물을 첨가하여 발효 두유를 제조하였고, 토마토 에탄올 추출물을 0, 0.25, 0.5, 그리고 1.0% 첨가한 토마토 요구르트의 항산화력은 토마토 첨가량 농도 의존적으로 항산화력이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 특히 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 토마토 무첨가구는 28.39%인데 비해, 토마토 요구르트는 33.46~57.12%까지 증가하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.947-953
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• 2004

The present research was designed to evaluate the effects of pre and post-partum energy level and feeding pattern on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves under farm conditions. A total of 16 crossbred dairy cows were divided into two equal groups on the basis of their body weight and milk production. One group was given 30% less and the another was given 30% more energy than MAFF's (1984) recommendation. After calving all cows were given same ad.libitum diet to assess the effects of feeding during pregnancy on their performance. It was observed that just before calving cows on low energy group gained less (p<0.05) weight than that of the cows on high energy group (12.9$\pm$11.71 vs. 42.25$\pm$12.74 kg/cow. Birth weight of calves of low energy group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the calves of high energy group (17.87$\pm$1.78 vs. 20.73$\pm$2.24 kg/calf). Cows that were on low pre-calving dietary energy level produced less milk during lactation than the cows of high energy pre-calving group (3.45$\pm$0.75 vs. 4.27$\pm$0.79 lit./cow). No significant difference was noticed on calf growth rate and reproductive parameters of cow. Energy level that was 30 % less than MAFF's (1984) recommendation was found to be very low and not suitable for our crossbred cows during their last three months of pregnancy.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2013

Kefir is traditional fermented milk produced by various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast, which produce lactic acid, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other flavor compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different commercial oligosaccharides, such as maltotriose, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO), on the fermentation properties of kefir. First, we determined the acidification kinetic parameters, such as $V_{max}$, $t_{max}$(h), $t_{pH5.0}$(h), and $t_f$(h) of fermented milk supplemented with 4% (w/w) of different oligosaccharides. The probiotic survival and chemical composition (pH, organic acids profile, and ethanol content) of kefir during fermentation were also measured. Compared to control fermentation, all oligosaccharides increased acidification rate and reduced the time to complete fermentation (pH 4.7). The addition of FOS, in particular, resulted in the lowest $t_f$(h) and the highest populations of LAB and yeast during fermentation. All oligosaccharides increased ethanol production during fermentation. Further, significant differences were observed in the formation rates of six organic acids during fermentation. This study provided comparative data on the properties of commercial oligosaccharides for kefir manufacturing. Consequently, FOS especially had the potential for adequate and effective oligosaccharides in commercial kefir for the improvement of cost- and time-effectiveness.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.221-232
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• 1996

An abrasive, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), was synthesized in a Box-wilson experimental design by reactions between phosphoric acid and milk of lime, and calcium chloride and sodium phosphate solutions, and stabilized with TSPP and TMP. The optimum conditions for preparation of DCPD from phosphoric acid with milk of lime were such as; reaction temp.; $51.9^{\circ}C$, conc. of lime; 25.9%, conc. of phosphoric acd; 77.9%, drying temp.; $60.2^{\circ}C$ and final pH; 6.46. The physico-chemical and pharmaceutical properties of DCPD were showed as follows: glycerin absorption value(68 ml/100g), whiteness(99.5%), particle size(10.9 nm), pH(7.8), and set test(pass). XRD and SEM of DCPD indicated a monoclinic system crystallographically. $N_2$ adsorption isotherm curve by BET showed non porous type II form. The micromeritic parameters of DCPD showed that surface area was $3.27{\sim}4.6\;cm^{2}/g$ and pore volume, pore area and pore radius were negligible. The rheogram of the toothpaste containing DCPD showed pseudoplastic flow with yield value of 321, and thixotropic behavior forming hysteresis loop. These results meet the requirements as abrasive standard, and sythesized DCPD is expected as a good dental abrasive such as a high quality grade in practice.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2019

Nucleotides play important roles in numerous intracellular biochemical processes and are used in infant formulas and other dairy products. However, domestic analytical methods for assessing nucleotide content in products have not yet been established, and therefore, methods for determining nucleotide content are urgently required. A rapid and simple analytical method for determining the content of five types of nucleotides in dairy products was improved using solid phase extraction clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. The extraction solvent used in the AOAC method was not well dissolved and was changed to hydrophilic EDTA-Na. In addition, the results obtained using the isocratic elution method and a single wavelength were similar to those obtained using the AOAC method, and the time taken for analysis was shortened from 40 min to 25 min. The process of method validation revealed the following parameters: accuracy (84.69%-102.72%), precision (1.51%-6.82%), linearity (0.999), and limit of detection (cytidine 5'-monophosphate, 0.09 mg/L; uridine 5'-monophosphate, 0.11 mg/L; adenosine 5'-monophosphate, 0.12 mg/L; guanosine 5'-monophosphate, 0.11 mg/L; and inosine 5'-monophosphate, 0.14 mg/L). The method was also used to determine the nucleotide concentration in 25 samples (infant formulas, 1.99-29.39 mg/100 g; and cow milk, 0.28-0.83 mg/100 g). The newly improved method was appropriate for analyzing nucleotides in infant formulas and other dairy products faster when compared to conventional methods.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of condensed molasses fermentation solubles (CMS) on lactation performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters of dairy cows. Methods: A total of 75 healthy Holstein cows with the same parity (milk production = 35±2.5 kg, body weight = 570±28 kg) were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups. One group served as control group (CON; no CMS), whereas the other 4 groups were CMS1 (accounted for 1% of the diet), CMS2 (2%), CMS3 (3%), and CMS4 (4%). All cows were fed regularly three times each day at 0800, 1600, and 2400 h. Cows received diet and water ad libitum. The experiment lasted for 60 days. Results: Results showed that the dry matter intake, milk yield, and protein of CMS2 were maximum and higher (p<0.05) than CMS4. The ruminal pH was observed less than 6 in CMS3 and CMS4 groups. No noticeable difference of microbial protein was found between CON and CMS2 groups, while the microbial protein in these groups was higher (p<0.05) than CMS3 and CMS4 groups. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein in CMS2 group was higher (p<0.05) than CMS3 and CMS4 groups. Compared to CMS3 and CMS4 groups, the CMS2 group increased (p<0.05) the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M on d 60. Conclusion: Therefore, it is practicable that CMS substitutes for a part of concentrates in lactating cows' diets, but higher addition of CMS (more than 3% of the diet) could decrease production performance of dairy cows as seen in the present study.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2022

Lactobacillus rhamnosus SKG34 (LrSKG34), a potential probiotic strain, was successfully isolated from Sumbawa Mare's milk. Our previous studies showed that the strain is resistant to gastrointestinal conditions, possesses antioxidant activity, and lowers blood cholesterol levels. Further clarification of the potential probiotic characteristics and safety assessment are necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the adhesion of LrSKG34 to Caco-2 cell monolayers and its effect on mucosal integrity in vitro. We also examined the LrSKG34 safety profile based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, haemolytic activity determination, Caco-2 cell monolayer translocation evaluation, and in vivo investigation of the effect of LrSKG34 on the physiology, biochemical markers, and histopathological appearance of major organs in an animal model. LrSKG34 attached to Caco-2 cell monolayers and maintained mucosal integrity in vitro. The typical resistance of lactobacilli to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and metronidazole was confirmed for LrSKG34. No haemolytic activity was observed on blood agar plates, and no LrSKG34 translocation was observed in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Administration of LrSKG34 to Sprague-Dawley rats did not adversely affect body weight. No abnormalities in hematological parameters, serum biochemistry levels, or histopathological structures of major organs were observed in LrSKG34-treated rats. Collectively, the results implicate LrSKG34 as a promising and potentially safe probiotic candidate for further development.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2020

Background and Objectives:The blockage of adenosine receptors by caffeine changes the levels of neurotransmitters. These receptors are present in all parts of the body, including the auditory and vestibular systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of caffeine on evoked potentials using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Subjects and Methods: Forty individuals (20 females and 20 males; aged 18-25 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: the test group (consuming 3 mg/kg pure caffeine powder with little sugar and dry milk in 100 mL of water), and the placebo group (consuming only sugar and dry milk in 100 mL water as placebo). The cVEMPs and ABRs were recorded before and after caffeine or placebo intake. Results: A significant difference was observed in the absolute latencies of I and III (p<0.010), and V (p<0.001) and in the inter-peak latencies of III-V and I-V (p<0.001) of ABRs wave. In contrast, no significant difference was found in cVEMP parameters (P13 and N23 latency, threshold, P13-N23 amplitude, and amplitude ratio). The mean amplitudes of P13-N23 showed an increase after caffeine ingestion. However, this was not significant compared with the placebo group (p>0.050). Conclusions: It seems that the extent of caffeine's effects varies for differently evoked potentials. Latency reduction in ABRs indicates that caffeine improves transmission in the central brain auditory pathways. However, different effects of caffeine on auditory- and vestibular-evoked potentials could be attributed to the differences in sensitivities of the ABR and cVEMP tests.

• 대한청각학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2020

Background and Objectives:The blockage of adenosine receptors by caffeine changes the levels of neurotransmitters. These receptors are present in all parts of the body, including the auditory and vestibular systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of caffeine on evoked potentials using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Subjects and Methods: Forty individuals (20 females and 20 males; aged 18-25 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: the test group (consuming 3 mg/kg pure caffeine powder with little sugar and dry milk in 100 mL of water), and the placebo group (consuming only sugar and dry milk in 100 mL water as placebo). The cVEMPs and ABRs were recorded before and after caffeine or placebo intake. Results: A significant difference was observed in the absolute latencies of I and III (p<0.010), and V (p<0.001) and in the inter-peak latencies of III-V and I-V (p<0.001) of ABRs wave. In contrast, no significant difference was found in cVEMP parameters (P13 and N23 latency, threshold, P13-N23 amplitude, and amplitude ratio). The mean amplitudes of P13-N23 showed an increase after caffeine ingestion. However, this was not significant compared with the placebo group (p>0.050). Conclusions: It seems that the extent of caffeine's effects varies for differently evoked potentials. Latency reduction in ABRs indicates that caffeine improves transmission in the central brain auditory pathways. However, different effects of caffeine on auditory- and vestibular-evoked potentials could be attributed to the differences in sensitivities of the ABR and cVEMP tests.