• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.206-214
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and cholesterol in the detection of adulterated milk fat. The fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and cholesterol profiles of the mixtures of milk and non-milk fat (adulteration ratios of 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%) were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that concentrations of the fatty acids with oleic acid (C18:1n9c) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), triglycerides with C52 and C54, and cholesterol detected are proportional to the adulteration ratios remarkably. Oleic acid (C18:1n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), C52, and C54 were lower in pure milk fat than in adulterated mixtures. In contrast, pure milk has a higher cholesterol concentration than all adulterated mixtures (adulteration concentration in the range 10-90%). Thus, we suggest that oleic acid (C18:1n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), C52, C54, and cholesterol are suitable indicators and can be used as biomarkers to rapidly detect adulterated milk fat by gas chromatography. This study is expected to provide basic data for adulteration and material usage. Moreover, this new approach can detect the presence of foreign oils and fats in the milk fat of cheese and can find application in related studies.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.184-195
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the micro-agribusiness realities of dairy farms by surveying both farmers' opinions and consumers' recognition of dairy farm products for in a value-chain analysis. In most cases, dairy farms produced fermented milk for sales and to prepare cheese both for sales and for providing the necessary material for farm visitors. Value-chain analysis did not seem to be a viable strategy for dairy farmers, except when assessing the quality of farmstead milk products in comparisons of dairy farm milks and commercial milk products. Consumers had a wide range of experience with milk products and had no willingness to buy products from dairy farms because of the high cost and the lack of product diversity. Our findings established three strategies for improving the economic feasibility of dairy farms. First, the price should be reduced by adopting a production balance to establish a farm-gate price, i.e., not as quota milk but as surplus milk. Second, consumers should be educated on the prescription of cheese at home. Third, a value-chain based on cooperative partnerships should be established among dairy farms. In addition, to improve the consumers' satisfaction on the diversity and quality of farm dairy products, developments of new value-added milk products made from the milk of cows allowed to graze on mountain pastures are needed.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.285-290
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• 1984

유청(乳淸)과 두유(豆乳)의 공동침전(共同沈澱)에 의해 치즈를 제조하기 위한 기초실험으로서 유청-두유 혼합액에서 6종의 유산균들의 생육특성을 조사하였다. S. cremoris와 L. acidophilus가 두유와 유청-두유 혼합액에서 다 같이 많은 산을 생성하였다. 그러나 모든 유산균들이 두유에서 보다는 유청-두유 혼합액에서 더 많은 산을 생성하였고 이것은 특히 S. lactis와 S. cremoris에서 현저하였다. S. lactis와 S. cremoris 혼합균주의 생균수는 두유에서보다 유청-두유혼합액에서 약10배정도 많았다. 유청-두유 혼합액에서 산생성이 증가되는 것은 유청중에 존재하는 유당의 효과에 주로 기인한 것으로 나타났다. 두유에서의 산생성을 촉진키 위해 첨가하는 유당의 적정량은 두유 100ml당 0.8g으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.947-954
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• 1997

옥수수가루에 건조유제품을 첨가하여 탄산가스의 주입에 의해 반죽의 온도 $100^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 팽화시킨 몇 가지 제품의 물리적 성질과 기계적 에너지 투입량을 분석하였다. 첨가된 유제품은 전지분유, 유청단백질 농축물, 탈지분유, 카제인 나트륨이며, 첨가량은 옥수수가루의 무게비로 10%와 20%를 각각 첨가시켰다. 압출성형기 바렐로 주입되는 가스압력을 0.7 MPa과 1.4 MPa로 조절하여 옥수수가루를 팽화시켰다. 시스템변수인 비기계적 에너지 투입량은 지방의 함량이 높은 전지분유의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 또한 카제인 나트륨의 첨가에 의한 비기계적 에너지의 투입량의 감소도 적었다. 압출성형물의 밀도는 주입압력 0.7 MPa까지는 점차적으로 감소하다가 그 이상의 압력에서는 증가하였다. 가스주입압력 0.7 MPa에서 유제품의 함량이 0, 10, 20%로 증가할수록 밀도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 카제인 나트륨을 첨가했을 때 밀도가 증가하는 정도가 가장 낮았다. 가스주입압력이 0.7 MPa까지 팽화율은 증가하다가 그 이상의 주입압력에서는 감소했지만, 비길이는 계속 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 수분흡착지수는 유제품의 첨가에 의해 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 반면에 수분용해지수는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 본 압출성형시스템을 이용한 유제품을 첨가한 옥수수가루 압출성형물 제조시 최적 가스주입압력은 0.7 MPa이였으며, 전지분유의 첨가는 제한인자가 되었으나, 카제인 나트륨의 첨가에 의하여 유제품의 첨가량을 높일 수 있었다.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to prepare bioactive ginseng yogurts containing compound K, which is transformed from ginsenosides, and to investigate the compound's cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Milk containing ginseng was fermented by Bifidobacteria KK-I and KK-2, and their activities for transforming ginsenosides to compound K were measured. Among the tested concentrations of ginseng in the milk, compound K was effectively produced in the 3% and 6% ginseng yogurts fermented for 48 hrs. These fermented ginseng yogurts were extracted with BuOH, and their cytotoxicities against tumor cells were examined. The BuOH extract of the yogurt made from the 3% ginseng milk showed cytotoxic activity against P388 and HeLa tumor cells. However, the nonfermented ginseng milk did not exhibit cytotoxicity against these cells. Therefore, we deem that the ginseng yogurt, which contained compound K, could be developed as a potential fermented drink product.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

Benzoic acid is widely used in the food industry as a preservative in acidic foods, owing to its antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in different foods such as fruits, vegetables, spices, and nuts as well as in milk and dairy products. Lactic acid bacteria convert hippuric acid, which is naturally present in milk, to benzoic acid; therefore, the latter could also be considered as a natural component of milk and milk products. Benzoic acid is also produced during the ripening of cheese by the propionic acid fermentation process that follows lactic acid fermentation. This paper, we provide basic information regarding the systematic control of natural benzoic acid levels in raw materials, processing intermediates, and final products of animal origin.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2013

The objective of the present study was to determine the minimum alcohol (ethanol) concentration that gives rise to the coagulation of goat milk for the alcohol precipitation test, and to evaluate the physical parameters of goat milk which include alcohol and heat stability. A total of 1,295 udder-half milk samples from 648 lactating dairy goats were collected from seven farms in Jeonnam province, Republic of Korea, to determine the alcohol and heat stability. The majority (99.6%) of the samples were coagulated when 70% ethanol was added to the milk, while only 11.0% of the samples were precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of 45% ethanol. With the concentration of 65%, 60%, 55% and 50% aqueous ethanol, 99.2%, 96.8%, 81.0% and 52.8% of the milk samples were coagulated, respectively. Of 1,295 dairy goat milk samples tested for heat stability, 127 (9.8%) were coagulated by boiling. Among the 143 alcohol test-positive udder-half milk samples, 52 (4.0%) were unstable by heat test, while 1,032 (79.7%) of the 1,152 alcohol test-negative milk samples were stable by heat test. According to the results of boiling test, sensitivity and specificity of 45% alcohol precipitation test were 0.3023 (95% CI: 0.2346~0.3772) and 0.9190 (95% CI: 0.9017~0.9344), respectively. The contents of protein and the specific gravity were higher in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive than in those of 45% alcohol test-negative. However, lower levels of lactose and milk urea nitrogen were observed in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive compared to the alcohol test-negative milk samples. The lowest pH values ($6.73{\pm}0.20$) were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-unstable milk samples, while the lowest values of somatic cell counts and bacterial counts were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-stable milk samples. Results of this study suggest that the alcohol precipitation for dairy goat milk may have to be tested with ethanol concentration less than 45% for the determination of freshness and heat-stability.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.184-192
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• 2006

Six-hundred bacterial strains from human milk and milk from Sahiwal cows, Holstein Friesian cows, and buffaloes were screened for their ability to suppress phytopathogenic fungi under in vitro conditions. A consortium of 3 strains, viz., Bacillus lentimorbus B-30486 (B-30486), B. subtilis B-30487 (B-30487), and B. lentimorbus B-30488 (B-30488), isolated from Sahiwal cow milk resulted in better biological control and plant-growth promotion than single-strain treatments. For commercial-scale production of a bioinoculant, the solid-state fermentation of sugarcane agro-industrial residues, i.e., molasses, press mud, and spent wash, using the consortium of B-30486, B-30487, and B-30488, resulted in a value-added product, useful for enhancing plant growth. The application of the consortium to sugarcane fields infested with Fusarium moniliforme and Colletotrichum falcatum resulted in a reduction of mortality and significantly higher (P=0.05) plant height, number of tillers, and cane girth when compared with the control. Furthermore, under field conditions, the treatment of sugarcane with the consortium resulted in significantly (P=0.05) greater plant growth compared with nonbacterized plants. Accordingly, this is the first report on the effective use of bacteria isolated from milk for biological control and enhancing plant growth under field conditions. Furthormore, a solid-state fermentation technology was developed that facilitates the economic utilization of agro-industrial residues for environmental conservation and improving plant and soil health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1779-1786
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate soy sauce oil (a by-product of making whole soybean soy sauce) as a new dietary lipid source, a large amount of soy sauce oil was administered into the rumen of dairy cows. Methods: Four Holstein dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 56-day experiment. Ruminal administration of soy sauce oil (1 kg/d) was carried out for 42 days from day 8 to day 49 to monitor nutritional, physiological and production responses. Results: Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, whereas 4% fat-corrected milk yield and the percentage of milk fat decreased. Although ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the proportion of individual VFA were partially affected by administration of soy sauce oil, values were within normal ranges, showing no apparent inhibition in rumen fermentation. Administration of soy sauce oil decreased the proportions of milk fatty acids with a carbon chain length of less than 18, and increased the proportions of stearic, oleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids. Conjugated linoleic acid content in milk became 5.9 to 8.8 times higher with soy sauce oil administration. Blood serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid increased with administration of soy sauce oil, suggesting a higher energy status of the experimental cows. Conclusion: The results suggest that soy sauce oil could be a useful supplement to potentially improve milk functionality without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and animal health. More detailed analysis is necessary to optimize the supplementation level of this new lipid source in feeding trials.

• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국축산식품학회 2002년도 정기총회 및 제29차 춘계국제 학술발표대회
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• pp.82-89
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• 2002

Acid dairy drinks(ADD) are a worldwide product existing in many variations: fruit milk drinks, yogurt drinks, soy milk, butter milk, whey drinks and kefir etc. These drinks are marketed with different shelf lives depending on processing: -Short shelf life(maximum 3 weeks, cold storage) - Long shelf life(2 to 9 months, pasteurized, sterilized or retorted) Acidic protein drinks tend to a separation or destabilization process in the absence of stabilizing system during the shelf life of the ADD. A phase separation results in sedimentation of large particles at the bottom of the package and/or the formation of a serum layer at the top(whey off). These beverages are usually composed of an acid dairy phase (fermented base)or a natural base(milk, soymilk etc.)with an acidic medium (fruit phase: pulp, fruit concentrate etc.) which can be flavored. Sugar and stabilizers are added. It has been proved since the late 1950's that adding high methoxy pectin (HM pectin)to acid milk drinks is the best way to prevent the formation of a sediment and/or the whey off. In this presentation, we explain about stabilization mechanism of ADD induced by pectin. Applications and market trend of ADD in Asia and Europe are explained.