• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.957-964
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum spray drying conditions of soft persimmon latte using response surface methodology that is a statistical procedure used for optimization studies. A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of independent variables, inlet temperature ($X_1$), air flow rate ($X_2$), and feed flow rate ($X_3$), on responses such as yield, water absorption index, and total phenolic compounds. Statistical analysis revealed that independent variables significantly affected all the responses. A maximum yield of 8.11 g was obtained at $90^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 51.82 mL/min of $X_2$ and 7.00 mL/min of $X_3$. A minimum water absorption index of 0.58 was obtained at $101^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 60.00 mL/min of $X_2$ and 17.00 mL/min of $X_3$. A maximum total phenolic compounds of $298.02{\mu}g/mL$ was obtained at $90^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 43.33 mL/min of $X_2$ and 17.00 mL/min of $X_3$. In conclusion, the best spray drying conditions were as follows: $X_1$, $90^{\circ}C$; $X_2$, 53 mL/min; $X_3$, 17 mL/min. Under those optimal conditions, the powder's yield (7.46 g), water absorption index (0.54), and the content of total phenolic compounds ($294.75{\mu}g/mL$) were estimated.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the forage production and quality of Italian ryegrass (IRG) and forage barley developed by Korea in Suwon, 2009~'10. The nine treatments were two IRG varieties (Kowinearly with early maturity and Kowinmaster with medium maturity), five barley varieties (Youngyang, Wooho, Yuyeon, Dami and Youho), and two mixtures (Kowinearly + Yuyeon and Kowinmaster + Yuyeon). The heading dates of Kowinearly and Kowinmaster were 14 May and 18 May, respectively. The growth stage of barley investigated at 22 May were late milk in Youngyang and Wooho, early dough in Dami and early to medium dough in Yuyeon and Youho. Plant length of IRG in IRG + barley mixtures was 117~118 cm, which was longer than those of IRG monoculture of 98~101 cm, and no lodging was found in mixtures. The dry matter (DM) percentage at harvest was 20.7~25.4% in all treatments. The botanical composition of IRG in mixtures was 43.1%. The percentage of spike per barley plant was become high according to progressed maturity, as a 35.7%, 44.1%, 54.8% and 57.2% in late milk, dough, yellowish and full ripeness stage, respectively, and the spike percentages of Youngyang and Wooho were tends to high. The crude protein (CP) content of IRG as 9.0~10.0% was higher than that of barley (7.0~8.5%), and the contents of NDF and ADF of barley were lower than those of IRG, and in vitro DM digestibility were 64.4% in Kowinearly, 64.1% in Kowinmaster, 64.5% in mixture, and 60.2% (Youho) to 66.4% (Wooho) in barley. The yields of DM, CP and in vitro digestible DM were high in Kowinmaster+barley mixture as a 11,508 kg, 1,046 kg and 7,422 kg per ha, respectively (p<0.05). However, no significant differences in forage yield were observed among cultivar of IRG, and barley, although Wooho was tends to high in digestibility and forage yield among five barley varieties. In conclusion, the mixture cultivation of IRG Kowinmaster + forage barley was recommended, because of preventing of IRG lodging, higher plant length of IRG, increasing of forage yield, and stable production. Selection of suitable winter forage species and variety for district, climate environment, and utilization type of farm was also important.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to study on forage utility of Diplachne fusca L. which live in reclaimed saline land of midwest region of Korea The secondary experiment was conducted to know on growth characteristics, forage yield and forage value of Diplachne fusca L. in order to get a necessary data on possible utilization of native plant as a forage crop and practical use of reclaimed saline land. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The growth of Diplachne fusca L. was neary finished at heading stage. So plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, tillering number, fresh weight and dry weight per plant were 137.5cm, 42.6cm, 4.65mm, 2.48mm, 15.3 tiller, 44.68 and 15.3g respectively. 2. Fresh weight was the highest with 4,460kg/10a at heading stage, dry weight was 1,530kg/10a at heading stage and 1,630kg/10a at 20 day after heading. The fresh weight was significantly difference between cutting height level according to cutting time, but total fresh weight was not significantly difference between cutting height level. Total dry weight was significantly difference between cutting height, so it was a large yield at cutting height of 10cm. 3. The contents of crude protein, available protein, digestible protein and TDN were the range of 12.3~3.7%, 12.3~3.7% 10.8~3.6% and 65.2~60.7% according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of crude protein, available protein, and digestible protein were showed at heading stage, that of TDN showed at 20 day after heading. The contents of ADF and NDF were the range of 36.4~50.0% and 62.7-80.5% according to growth stage. 4. The contents of P, Ca, K and Mg were the range of 0.31~0.20, 0.70~0.52, 1.74~1.28 and 0.19~0.18% according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of P, Ca and K was showed at heading stage, that of Mg showed at 20 day after heading. 5. The contents of ENE, NEL, NEM and NEG were the range of 1.42~1.29, 0.68~0.62, 0.68~0.61 and 0.40~0.35 McaVlb according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of ENE, NEL, NEM and NEG was showed at 20 day after heading by inuease after heading. 6. The grasseating ratio of Diplachne fusca L. of before and after heading by milk cattle was 96.5% and 95.3%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 1981

In order to develop feed source from shrubby area of mountain for dairy cow, some shrub and grass were harvestied by stage of maturity and analyzed the chemical composition of herbage, and fed to milking cow to know the effect on the body weight and milk production. And the results were summarized as follow. 1. The dry matter content of green herbage was ranged average 25~50% and Smilax china and Cocculus thunbergii were the lowerest as 26.25% and 26.36% respectively and Quercus serrata was the highest as 47.19% of the species. 2. The average protein content of herbage was widely ranged from about 5% to 20%. And Pueraria thunbergiana and Albizzia julibrissin were higher as nearly 20% and Miscanthus sinesis and Arundinella hirta were lower as nearly 5~7%. 3. The average crude fiber content of most species was rarged 20~30%. And Corylus heterophylla and Smilax china were lower as about 20% and Miscanthus sinensis and Arundinella hirta were higher as nearly 37%. 4. The crude protein content of most species was decreased and the fiber content was increased by abvanced the stage of maturity. And also moisture content of green herbage was decreased by seasonal changed. 5. When air dry herbage of 5 kg per head/day was substituted for rice straw, the weight of cows and milk yield and solid not fat content were Slightly increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.961-970
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• 2013

Eight multiparous Holstein cows ($569{\pm}47$ kg of BW; $84{\pm}17$ DIM) were used to evaluate the effects of different levels of coarsely ground wheat (CGW) as replacements for ground corn (GC) in diets on feed intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, and plasma metabolites profiles in dairy cows. The cows were settled in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with 3-wk treatment periods; four cows in one of the replicates were fitted with rumen cannulas. The four diets contained 0, 9.6, 19.2, and 28.8% CGW and 27.9, 19.2, 9.6, and 0% GC on dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. Increasing dietary levels of CGW, daily DM intake tended to increase quadratically (p = 0.07); however, apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) in cows fed the 28.8% CGW diets. Ruminal pH remained in the normal physiological range for all dietary treatments at all times, except for the 28.8% CGW diets at 6 h after feeding; moreover, increasing dietary levels of CGW, the daily mean ruminal pH decreased linearly (p = 0.01). Increasing the dietary levels of CGW resulted in a linear increase in ruminal propionate (p<0.01) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) (p = 0.06) concentration, while ruminal acetate: propionate decreased linearly (p = 0.03) in cows fed the 28.8% CGW diets. Milk production was not affected by diets; however, percentage and yield of milk fat decreased linearly (p = 0.02) when the level of CGW was increased. With increasing levels of dietary CGW, concentrations of plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) (p = 0.07) and cholesterol (p<0.01) decreased linearly, whereas plasma glucose (p = 0.08), insulin (p = 0.02) and urea nitrogen (p = 0.02) increased linearly at 6 h after the morning feeding. Our results indicate that CGW is a suitable substitute for GC in the diets of dairy cows and that it may be included up to a level of 19.2% of DM without adverse effects on feed intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, and plasma metabolites if the cows are fed fiber-sufficient diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1416-1424
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• 2008

The objective of this research was to study the production and quality of forage at three different times of the year (April, June and July) of six winter cereals in the southern plateau of the Iberian Peninsula. The cereals studied were Triticale (xTriticosecale wittm) cv. "Tritano", Oat (Avena sativa L.) cv. "Prevision" and cv. "Saia; Rye (Secale cereale L.) cv. "Giganton", Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. "Cameo" and cv. "Albacete". The study was carried out in three different locations and over three successive years of harvesting. The three variables considered were location, year and cereal. The % dry matter (DM), % crude protein (CP), % acid detergent fiber (ADF), % neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and % ash content were determined for the three sampling periods and the quality was calculated in milk forage units (MFU/kg DM), the production in kg DM/ha, MFU/ha and kg CP/ha. In all three sampling periods the quality of the cereals was significantly influenced only by the year and by species. However, for production of dry matter (kg DM/ha), milk forage units (MFU/ha) and gross protein (kg CP/ha) all three variables were of significant influence as were their interactions. In the April sampling, the species which showed a significantly higher production ($p{\leq}0.05$) was rye (1,693 kg DM/ha), which, along with its forage quality (16.56% CP, 0.886 MFU/kg DM) meant that the same occurred in MFU/ha and kg CP/ha. Significant differences between species were also found for the June sampling. The most productive cereal was again rye with 2,656 kg DM/ha, although its sharp fall in forage quality meant that barley cv Albacete (2,513 kg DM/ha) returned the highest production in forage units (1,934 vs. 1,951 MFU/ha) and barley cv. Cameo (2,413 kg DM/ha) in gross protein production (242 vs. 264 kg CP/ha). The significantly highest cereal production for July was barley cv. Albacete (4,923 kg DM/ha, 9.11% CP 0.722 MFU/kg DM). As a consequence of the results, we conclude that from the viewpoint of nutritional quality and production, rye is the most suitable for use in early spring in whatever year and location. However, barley cv. "Albacete" is the most appropriate for utilisation in later spring or early summer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 2013

This study examined the characteristics of ionized calcium and in vitro calcium bioavailability rate of calcium from four natural sources: shellfish shell, oyster shell, starfish, egg shell. The levels of dissolved calcium and calcium ions increased at different concentrations of natural calcium (up to 8.0% (w/v)). However, there were insignificant differences in the levels of dissolved calcium and calcium ions between samples at calcium concentrations above 8.0% (w/v). In addition, no significant differences were observed (depending on the calcium source and concentration) with an ionization yield of about 90%. The temperature of the solutions also had little influence on the ionization of calcium. The highest calcium ion content was observed when solutions were left to dissolve calcium for 18 hours. The highest in vitro calcium bioavailability rate achieved among the different calcium solutions was BS (67.3%), with overall bioavailability rates about two times higher than the rates observed in commercially sold calcium supplements and natural calcium. In addition, the in vitro calcium bioavailability rate for ionized calcium in market milk, soy milk, and orange juice was more than twice as high as calcium carbonate. Overall, we expect a high and diverse bioavailability of ionized calcium from natural resources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2002

The present research was undertaken to monitor the effects of restricted and ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves. For this purpose two groups of crossbred cows having eight animals in each group were put into two plane of nutrition during their last three months of pregnancy. Dietary energy level in one group was calculated as per Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (MAFF, UK) and the cows on other group received ad. libitum feeding (concentrate level similar to MAFF, recommendation+ad. libitum roughage). After calving, the cows of both groups were given same diet (ad. libitum) to study the effect of feeding during pregnancy on subsequent lactation performance of the cows. It was observed that during pre-calving period cows on ad. libitum feeding gained significantly (p<0.05) more body weight than that of cows on restricted feeding ($38.50{\pm}6.04$ vs $21.37{\pm}8.04kg/cow$). There was no significant differences between the birth weight of calves of restricted ($21.31{\pm}2.18kg$) and ad. libitum ($20.31{\pm}3.27kg$) groups. Dietary energy intake of ad. libitum group ($50.22{\pm}4.24$ MJ ME/d/cow) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of restricted group ($39.76{\pm}1.03$ MJ ME/d/cow). During lactation period cows that were on restricted feeding produced little more milk (3.06 lit/cow/day), than that of the cows on ad. libitum feeding (2.84 lit/cow/day). Although growth rate of the calves of restricted group upto one month ($0.23{\pm}0.09kg/calf/d$) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of ad. libitum group ($0.17{\pm}0.08kg/calf/d$) but after four months the growth rate of the calves of two groups become nearly similar ($0.35{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.37{\pm}0.03kg/calf/d$) and difference between them was non-significant. During lactation period cows of restricted group gained little weight but cows of ad. libitum group lost significantly (p<0.05) more weight. Per day metabolizable energy intake in both group during lactation period was nearly similar (67.54 vs 69.58 MJ ME). It is concluded that ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy is neither economic for getting maximum milk yield nor for calf growth rate and MAFF, recommended level of dietary energy during that period could be applied on our pregnant crossbred dairy cows.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1991

To determine the preventive effects of selenium and/or vitamin E on placenta retention in Holstein dairy cows. The cows were divided six groups ; control, Se, vit.E 1x, vit.E 3x, Se + vit./E 1x and Se + vit.E 3x in Cooong Nam province. 50mg of Se as sodium selenite and 700 IU of vit. E as dl-${\alpha}$ tocopherol acetate were injected 21 day perior to expected calving date, and 700 IU vit.E was injected 3 times at 21, 14 and 7 days perior to expected calving date in vit.E 3x groups. The cows which did not expelled their placenta until 12 hours post-parturient were termed as cow of placenta retention. The i.m. injection of a single dose of selenium and vit.E has significantly(P<0.05) affected the incidence of retained placenta by 7.0% versus 25.6% of controls, but a single injection of selenium or vit.E and a combination of selenium 1x and vit.E 3x has not significantly affected. But they affected neiher subsequent reproductive performances nor milk yields.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.320-333
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• 2019

Objective: The Shanghai Holstein cattle breed is susceptible to severe mastitis and other diseases due to the hot weather and long-term humidity in Shanghai, which is the main distribution centre for providing Holstein semen to various farms throughout China. Our objective was to determine the genetic mechanisms influencing economically important traits, especially diseases that have huge impact on the yield and quality of milk as well as reproduction. Methods: In our study, we detected the structural variations of 1,092 Shanghai Holstein cows by using next-generation sequencing. We used the DELLY software to identify deletions and insertions, cn.MOPS to identify copy-number variants (CNVs). Furthermore, we annotated these structural variations using different bioinformatics tools, such as gene ontology, cattle quantitative trait locus (QTL) database and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Results: The average number of high-quality reads was 3,046,279. After filtering, a total of 16,831 deletions, 12,735 insertions and 490 CNVs were identified. The annotation results showed that these mapped genes were significantly enriched for specific biological functions, such as disease and reproduction. In addition, the enrichment results based on the cattle QTL database showed that the number of variants related to milk and reproduction was higher than the number of variants related to other traits. IPA core analysis found that the structural variations were related to reproduction, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. According to the functional analysis, structural variations were important factors affecting the variation of different traits in Shanghai Holstein cattle. Our results provide meaningful information about structural variations, which may be useful in future assessments of the associations between variations and important phenotypes in Shanghai Holstein cattle. Conclusion: Structural variations identified in this study were extremely different from those of previous studies. Many structural variations were found to be associated with mastitis and reproductive system diseases; these results are in accordance with the characteristics of the environment that Shanghai Holstein cattle experience.