• 제목/요약/키워드: Milk fat percent

검색결과 54건 처리시간 0.037초

고등학생(高等學生)의 영양섭취실태(營養攝取實態)와 성장발육(成長發育)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study on Every possible Correlation between Daily Food Intake and Growth Rate of Senior High School Students)

  • 이현옥;김숙희
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.27-36
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    • 1973
  • The primary purpose of this research paper is to study the nutrition intake status of high school students and their physical growth and development. Further, it made an attempt to find and define nutritional problems and assist in their growth and development through proper nutritional management. One hundred students in both sexes, first year grade in senior high school were provided with questionnaires. For six days the respondents filled out the questionnaires. They were asked to keep record of what they ate each meal. Their nutritional intake were analyzed in accordance with what they ate. Findings, conducted on percentage, CR test, t test, and F test, were as follows: 1. For the living circumstance a) Average numbers of brother and sister in sampled family were four. b) Seventy to eighty percent of the students were brought up by mother's milk at their infants and approximately 40% of students were weaned at the age of 7 to 18 months. c) Fifty percent of the respondents revealed irregulity in their meal time. d) Monthly average expenditure for daily food reached $20{\sim}40%$ out of total income. e) The most favorite foods reflect as follows: The most favorite main dish is boiled rice and side dish beaf. Fruits. juice, milk, ice cream are more popular snack among whole students. 2. Nutrition survey a) Calory sad nutrients were found to be below the recommended level, especially in calcium, vitamins A, $B_2$ and C. b) The total calory intake were composed of 73% from carbohydrate, 14% from protein and 13% from fat in the case of boys. The girls were 65%, 14%, 21% respectively. c) Both boys and girls in their animal protein intake averaged about 33% out of total protein intake. d) Meat consumption of the majority respondents were proportionate in $10{\sim}20%$ in their total food consumption. 3. The result of statistical analysis were as follows: a) Statistical significant differences in the relationship between the calory intake and physical growth index were observed at the level of p<0.05. b) Statistical significant differences in the relationship between the protein intake and physical growth index were observed at the level of p<0.05. c) Statistical significant differences in the relationship between meal time and physical growth index were observed at the level of 0.02<0.05. d) No statistical significant differences in the relationship among calory, protein intake and school records as well as intelligence were found. The experiment indicated that there is a direct relationship between nutrition and the physical growth and development, whereas There seems to be an indirect relationship between nutrition and intelligence.

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국내 Holstein종 젖소의 경제형질과 착유량에 따른 소득의 유전모수 추정 (Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Economic Traits and Profit by Milk Production of Holstein Dairy Cattle in Korea)

  • 노재광;최연호;조광현;최태정;나승환;조주현;김진형;신지섭;도창희
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제54권4호
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    • pp.275-282
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구에서 1982년부터 2010년까지 수집된 농협젖소개량사업소의 628,395두의 산유능력검정자료를 이용 경제성 분석을 실시한 후, 전산차 산유기록과 선형심사자료를 갖고 있는 1998~2004년 출생 62,262두를 선발하여 그 개체들의 유대로 인한 순이익과 경제형질간의 유전모수를 추정하였다. 순이익의 계산은 국내유대체계와 통계청 및 농협의 통계지표를 활용하여 개체의 유대 및 생산원가를 계산하였다. 심사형질은 한국종축개량협회의 15개 심사형질과 종합점수, 산유형질은 실착유량과 평균유지율, 유단백율에 대하여 조사하였다. 선형심사형질들 사이에서 가장 높은 정(+)의 유전상관은 체심(BD) 형질과 강건성(SR) 형질 사이에서의 0.81로 나타났으며, 가장 높은 부(-)의 유전상관은 체심(BD) 형질과 유방깊이(UD), 뒤에서 본 앞유두 배열위치(TP) 형질과 앞유두크기(TL)의 -0.23으로 나타났다. 유량과 유지율, 유단백율 사이의 유전상관은 모두 중도의 부(-)의 유전상관을 나타내었고, 선형심사형질과의 유전상관도 모두 저도의 정(+)의 유전상관을 나타내었다. 선형심사형질과 착유량에 따른 순수익간의 유전상관은 대부분의 형질에서 저도의 정(+)의 유전상관을 나타내었다. 착유량에 따른 순수익과 유량과 유지율, 유단백율 사이에서는 모두 정(+)의 유전상관을 나타내었다. 이 연구에서 결과들은 개체의 순수익은 산차와 비례하여 증대되는 것을 보여주었고, 선형심사형질 중 순수익에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 선형심사형질은 체심과 예각성, 뒷유방너비 형질로 나타났고, 순수익에 가장 큰 유전적 영향을 미치는 것은 유지율이었고, 산유량이 뒤를 이었다. 유량과 유지율에 비해 유단백율과 순수익 간에는 높지 않은 유전상관이 나타났는데, 유대체계에 유단백율을 반영하지 않기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.

의식불명 환자에서 경과급식에 의한 혼합형 식사와 상업용 조합식이의 효과 비교 (Comparison of Blenderized Diets and Commercial Enteral Formulas in the Unconscious Tube-fed Patients)

  • 정상섭
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.345-354
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    • 1995
  • Blenderized diets are not recommended because of difficulties in providing a constant content of nutrients, phoblems with viscosity and osmolarity, time needed for preparation, and increased risk of contamination. To determine the possibility of substituting commercial formulas for blenderized diets, 27 unconscious patients were randomized into two different groups : blenderized diet group(n=11) and commercial formula group(n=16). Blenderized diets were composed of food sources such as rice, milk, egg, juices and others, and its energy percentage of protein, fat, and carbohydrate was 15%, 30%, and 55%, respetively. Commercial enteral formulas provided 1 kcal/ml and the energy percentage of protein, fat and carbohydrate was 25%, 20% and 55% in greenbia(G) and 20%, 20%, and 60% in Greenbia-DM(GD), repectively. In commercial formula group, five patients with diarrhea, constipation, and high blood glucose level received GD, and the other eleven patients received G. All patients received their lipuid diet for 4 weeks through 16 French rubber nasogastric tube by bolus feeding 6 times daily. The patients in commercial formula group had a similar mean daily calorie intake to the patient in blenderized diet group, 32-34kcal/kg/d and 30-35kcal/kg/d, respectively. Patients given commercial formula gained an averge of 1.7kg in weight but those given blenderized diet lost an average of 2.6kg. There was a trend toward an increase in percent ideal body weight in commercial formula group(94$\pm$5 vs 99$\pm$6%). However, blenderized diet group showed a trend toward a decrease in percent ideal body weight(106$\pm$5 vs $101\pm$6%). The initial levels of total lymphocyte counts, serum albumin and tranferrin were below the normal rante, The mean daily protein intake was significanlty higher for commercial formula group(2.0-2.1g/kg/d) than for blenderized diet group(1.1-1.3g/kg/d). Patient fed cormmercial formula for 4 weeks showed a trend toward an increase in serum albumin(8.1%) and a significant increase in serum transferrin(32.1%) without increasing the levels of blood glucose. GOT, GPT, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. In the blenderized diet group, however, no significant improvement were obseved in the concentration of serum albumin and transferin, compared to initial value. There was a trend toward a decrese in the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit in blenderized deit group but no significnat change in commercial formulas goups. All patients tolerated both diets well and no significant complications were encountered. The results indicate that the commercial enteral formulas tested in this study can be an effective substitution for blenderized diet in unconscious tube-fed patients.

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몽골 유목민의 겔(gel)과 음식문화에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Mongolia's Ger and Food in Pastoral Nomadic Way of Life)

  • 장보웅
    • 한국지역지리학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.155-163
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    • 1997
  • 몽골의 건조한 자연환경에서 몽골인들은 유목이라고 하는 문화를 만들어냈다. 또한 유목민들은 초원에서 유목 생활에 필요한 가옥으로 이동식의 겔을 창조해 냈다. 겔의 주요 재료는 버드나무 줄기와 휄트인데, 전자는 하천에서 쉽게 구할 수 있으며 겔의 골조로 사용되고, 후자는 양모를 원료로 만들어졌는데 지붕을 덮고 벽을 두르는데 사용한다. 겔은 건축하기 쉽고, 해체하기 쉬우며, 운반하기에 가벼운 특성을 갖는 이동식 가옥이다. 겔의 형태는 원형 평면에 낮은 원추형의 지붕으로 되어 있어서 바람에 대한 저항이 적고, 휄트는 단열의 효과가 좋은 재료이다. 즉 겔은 바람이 강하고 혹한의 겨울을 대비한 유목민의 가옥이다. 유목민의 음식은 가축예서 얻을 수 있는 젖과 고기로 만들어진다. 그들은 우유 양유 야크유 등을 많이 마시며, 가공하여 치즈 버터 마유주 등을 만들고, 육류는 삶아서 먹고, 일부는 건조시켜 장기간 저장해 놓고 먹는다. 내장은 순대로 만들어 먹기도 한다. 유목민들이 식물성 식품을 섭취하지 않아도 건강하게 생활할 수 있는 것은, 풀을 사료로 하는 양에서 짠 젖에 필요한 식물성 영양소가 포함되어 있기 때문이다.

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한국 폐경 후 여성 커피소비자에서 우유섭취여부에 따른 골밀도와 영양상태 비교 : 2008~2009년 국민건강영양조사 자료 이용 (Bone mineral density and nutritional state according to milk consumption in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee: Using the 2008~2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)

  • 유선형;서윤석
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제49권5호
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    • pp.347-357
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    • 2016
  • 한국인의 최근 커피소비의 급격한 증가는 카페인의 과다 섭취로 이어지고 이는 칼슘흡수를 낮춰 골밀도 저하를 야기할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국 폐경 후 여성 커피소비자에서 우유섭취 여부가 골밀도에 차이를 가져올 수 있는지 파악하고자 국민건강영양조사 제4기 2, 3차년도(2008년, 2009년) 자료를 이용하여 50세 이상 폐경 후 여성을 대상으로 갑상선장애, 만성질환, 암을 진단받거나 치료받는 자, 골다공증 치료를 받는자와 여성호르몬제 복용자를 제외한 1,373명의 자료를 분석하였다. 커피와 우유 섭취 여부에 따라 커피는 섭취하나 우유를 섭취하지 않는군 (커피군), 커피와 우유를 모두 섭취하는군 (커피 우유군), 커피를 섭취하지 않으면서 우유를 섭취하는군 (우유군), 커피와 우유를 모두 섭취하지 않는군 (비섭취군)의 네 군으로 분류하고 부위별 골밀도와 영양상태를 비교하였다. 모든 자료는 해당 년도의 가중치를 적용한 후 일반선형모델을 사용하였고, 골밀도 비교시에는 연령, 체질량지수, 신체활동, 음주, 흡연, 칼슘섭취량을 보정하여 분석하였다. 유의성은 ${\alpha}=0.05$ 수준에서 검토하였다. 1) 전체 대상자 중 커피 우유군은 65세미만의 젊은 층이 많고 교육수준과 소득수준이 높고, 도시 거주자가 많았다. 반면에 비섭취군과 커피군은 65세 이상이 많고 교육수준과 소득수준이 낮으며 읍 면 거주자가 많았다. 커피 우유군에서 음주자의 비율이 높았으나, 신체적 활동 정도나 흡연에서는 군 간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 2) 총대퇴골과 요추부위의 골밀도 및 T-score값은 커피 우유군에서 세 군에 비해 가장 높았고 우유군, 커피군의 순으로 높았으며, 비섭취군에서 가장 낮았다. T-score값으로 골 건강상태를 판정하였을 때 유의성은 나타나지 않았으나, 커피 우유군에 골밀도 정상 해당자가 많고 우유군, 커피군이 그 뒤를 이었고, 비섭취군에 골다공증 해당자가 많이 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 3) 허리둘레를 제외하고는 체중, 신장, 체질량지수, 제지방조직량이 커피 우유군에서 모두 높았다. 반면에 커피군은 커피 우유군에 비해 이들 체위계측치가 모두 낮았고, 또한 우유군에 비해 신장은 낮고 체중은 높아 체질량지수가 높고 허리둘레도 높은 대신 제지방량은 낮았다. 우유군은 네군 중 체질량지수와 허리둘레가 가장 낮고 제지방량은 커피 우유군 다음으로 높았다. 비섭취군은 네군 중 체중, 신장, 제지방량이 가장 낮았고 허리둘레는 가장 높았다. 혈청부갑상선호르몬 농도는 비섭취군에서 높았고 우유군에서 가장 낮았다. 4) 커피 우유군은 대다수 식품군의 섭취 빈도가 다른 세군에 비해 높았다. 우유군은 총곡류와 우유류를 제외하고 대다수 식품군의 섭취빈도가 커피 우유군에 비해 낮았으나, 육 난류, 어류, 버섯류와 과일류는 커피 우유군에 필적하는 수준이었고 커피군에 비해서는 대다수 식품군에서 더 높은 섭취빈도를 나타내었다. 영양소섭취상태는 조사대상 영양소 중 나트륨과 칼륨에서만 유의성이 없었을 뿐, 칼슘을 포함하여 에너지, 단백질과 인, 철분, 비타민 C와 지방에너지비가 두 우유군 (커피 우유군과 우유군)에서 비슷하게 높았고, 5개 영양소의 평균 영양소적정섭취비 (MAR) 역시 두 우유군에서 높았다. 반면에 커피군과 비섭취군은 다수 식품군의 섭취빈도가 낮게 나타났고 미량 영양소의 섭취 수준도 상대적으로 낮았다. 이상의 연구결과에서 한국 폐경 여성 커피 섭취자에서 커피 비섭취자에 비하여 골밀도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 커피와 우유를 함께 섭취한 군이 커피 단독군에 비해, 또 커피를 안 마시고 우유만 섭취하는 군에 비해 골밀도도 높고 체위와 체조성과 무기질 및 전반적인 영양상태가 양호한 것으로 나타났으며, 커피 단독군에 비해, 우유만 섭취하는 군이 골밀도와 체조성 및 영양섭취상태가 모두 양호한 결과를 보였다. 결론적으로 한국 폐경여성에서 우유를 포함한 다양한 식품군과 균형잡힌 영양섭취를 하는 경우, 단순히 커피 섭취가 골밀도에 영향을 주는 것 같지는 않다.

A Study of the Food and Nutrient Intakes of College Students According to their Frequencies of Eating Out

  • Yu, Choon-Hie;Lee, Jung-Sug
    • Nutritional Sciences
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the food and nutrient intake status and eating-out practices of college students. A dietary survey of 361 subjects living in urban areas was conducted by using a 3-day diet record method. The average ages of the male and female subjects were 22.0 and 20.6 years old, respectively. Monthly personal expenses of the male and female students were 316,517 won and 296,888 won, respectively. 43.1% of the male and 50.8% of the female students used between one-quarter and one-half of their monthly personal expenses for eating out. Sixty-five percent of the total subjects ate out more than five times a week The average daily total food intake was 1630.7g in the males and 1453.9g in the females. The average percentage of total food intake from eating out (by weight) was 60.6% in the males and 56.2% in the females; foods eaten out were mainly potatoes, meats, processed foods, and beverages. It was found that 40-65% of daily total nutrient intake came from food eaten out. When they ate out, the male students ate slightly higher amounts of protein, fat and vitamin B1, while the female students ate relatively higher amounts of animal protein, fat, vitamin A and cholesterol. The more the subjects ate out, the more the quantity of total food intake increased. This increase resulted from high intakes of beverages and processed foods in the males, while the increase was from total plant foods, mushrooms, beverages, and milk and dairy products, in the females. The dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly increased in the female subjects when they ate out more than once a day; otherwise, the DVS was not significantly different between any of the male and female groups. The intakes of energy, and of many nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and cholesterol, were increased when the female subjects ate out more than twice a day. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was at its highest level of 0.65 in the males when they ate out less than once a day, and at its highest level of 0.67 in the females when they ate out more than twice a day.

Skipping breakfast is associated with diet quality and metabolic syndrome risk factors of adults

  • Min, Chan-Yang;Noh, Hwa-Young;Kang, Yun-Sook;Sim, Hea-Jin;Baik, Hyun-Wook;Song, Won-O.;Yoon, Ji-Hyun;Park, Young-Hee;Joung, Hyo-Jee
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • 제5권5호
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    • pp.455-463
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    • 2011
  • The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of skipping breakfast on diet quality and metabolic disease risk factors in healthy Korean adults. Subjects included 415 employees (118 men, 297 women; 30-50 years old) of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances. Data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, 3-day dietary intake, blood pressure, and blood analyses. The subjects were classified into three groups based on the number of days they skipped breakfast: 'Regular breakfast eater', 'Often breakfast eater', or 'Rare breakfast eater'. Participants in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed less rice, potatoes, kimchi, vegetables, fish and shellfish, milk and dairy products, and sweets than did participants in the other two groups (P for trend <0.05) and ate more cookies, cakes, and meat for dinner (P for trend <0.05). Participants in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed less daily energy, fat, dietary fiber, calcium, and potassium than did participants in the other groups (P for trend <0.05). The percent energy from carbohydrates was lower and fat intake was higher in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group than in the other groups (P for trend <0.01). When diets were compared using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Koreans, 59.1% of subjects in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed more energy from fat compared with the other two groups (P <0.005). According to the Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, intake of selected nutrients was lower in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group than in the other two groups (P <0.05). The risk of elevated serum triglycerides was decreased in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group (OR, 0.3 [0.1-1.0], P for trend=0.0232). We conclude that eating breakfast regularly enhances diet quality, but may increase the risk of elevated serum triglycerides.

경북 일부 지역 남, 녀 대학생들의 식품기호도와 식습관에 관한 연구 (Food Preferences and Dietary Habits of University Students in Kyungbuk Province)

  • 박경애
    • 동아시아식생활학회지
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.527-541
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    • 2003
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate food preferences and dietary habits of university students in Kyungbuk province. We assessed anthropometric measurements, food preferences, and dietary habits of seventy nine male and sixty nine female students at K university. The results of this study were analyzed with $\chi$$^2$, t, and ANOVA test using SPSS package program. The percentages of students who were underweight, normal and overweight by body mass index (BMI) were 18.0, 22.1, and 27.7 for males, and 17.8, 21.7, and 28.7 for females, respectively. Preferences for noodles with bean sauce, bread (castella, red-bean bread), beef, pork, chicken, ham, garlic, milk soy bean milt carbonated drink ionic beverages, bun (fried, steamed), croquette, soju(alcohol) and tobacco were higher in males than females, but preferences for tangle, strawberry and orange were lower in males than females. Males did not skip meals compared to females, and ate more meat fat than females. Males exercised more frequently and longer than females. Eighty six point eight percent of females and 69.7% of males were dissatisfied with their weights, and females attempted the weight control more than males. Preferences for bibimbab(boiled rice with assorted mixtures), ionic beverages, and beer were shown higher in overweight males than in normal ones and preference for red fish, hamburger, and chocolate were higher in underweight females than overweight ones. Overweight females skipped meals more and ate more meat fats than normal weight ones. Normal weight males and underweight females were satisfied with their weight. The results of this study suggest that university students need more nutritional education, and modification of dietary habits based on food preference to prevent and treat obesity and to maintain their health.

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국민학교(國民學校) 아동(兒童)의 영양섭취실태(營養攝取實態)와 성장발육(成長發育)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study in Every Possible Correlation between Daily Food Intake and Growth Rate of Primary School Students)

  • 류영상;김숙희
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.25-33
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    • 1973
  • With the object of the study id every possible correlation between daily food intake and growth rate of primary school students, aged eleven years old, the author distributed prepared questionnaires through 200 children of 5th grade in both sexes in K private primary school, Seoul. Specific object of this study were included following three points: such as daily food intake records for six days. daily food intake records for six days. school records of sample children at the end of 4th grade. physical growth index calculated by means of weight and height of sample children at the first part of the 5th grade. CR. t. F. test as well as percentage calculations were included for statistical analysis. The result of this study were as follows: 1. For the living circumstances a) Average numbers of brother and sister in sampled family were two to three. b) Approximately 50%of the children were brought up by mother's milk at their infants and about 35% of children were weaned at the age of 7 to 12 months. c) Thirty to forty percent of the respondents revealed irregulity in their meal time due to early school time in the morning. d) Monthly average expenditure for daily food reached 20 to 29% out of total income. e) The most favorit foods reflect as follows: The most favorit main dish is boiled rice mixed with other careals and side dish beaf. Fruits and juice are more popular snack among whole children. 2. Nutrition survey a) The calcium and thiamine were the most limited factors out of daily nutrients consumption. b) The total calory intake were composed of carbohydrate 63%, protein 16% and fat 21% respectively. c) The total food intake were composed of 20 to 24% of animal source of foods and 76 to 80% of plant source of foods (vegetables, grains, fruits) d) The total protein intake were composed of 46% of animal protein and 54% of others. e) The grain stuffs consumed in the largest quantity at the level of 50% out whole food groups. f) Twenty four percent of total food intake came from snack between meal time. 3. The result of statistical analysis were as follows: a) The correlation between the calory intake and plysical growth index revealed statistical significancy at the level of p<0.001. b) The correlation between the protein intake and physical growth index revealed statistical significancy at the level of p<0.001. c) The correlation between the meal time and physical growth index revealed statistical significancy at the level of 0.02

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파종량에 따른 수수와 수수-수단그라스 교잡종의 사료생산성 (Optimum Seeding Rate of Sorghum and Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids for Forage Production)

  • 이석순;최상집;홍승범
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.116-120
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    • 1991
  • 남부지방에서 유숙기에 수확한 수수의 사일리지 생산과 지엽출현기에 수확한 수수-수단그라스 교잡 종의 청예사료 생산에 알맞는 파종량을 알기 위하여 수수 2품종(P 931, P 956)과 수수-수단그라스 교잡 종 1품종을 4수준의 파종량(1. 2, 3, 4 kg/lOa)에서 재배하였다. 수수 P 931은 7월 22일, P 956은 7월 31 일에 1차 수확하였고, 수수-수단그라스 교잡종은 7 월 26일,8월 16일에 수확하였으며, 수수의 2차 및 수수-수단그라스의 3차 수확은 수확적기에 도달하지 않았으나 모두 10월 13일에 수확하여 그들의 사료가치와 생산성을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수수와 수수-수단그라스 모두 파종량간에 수 확기, 간장, 초장, 건물비율은 차이가 없었다. 수수의 건물비율은 26.9~31. 2%로서 품종과 수확차수간에 차이가 없었으나 수수-수만그라스의 1자 수확은 10.0-10.7%, 2차 수확은 18.2~19.9%, 3차 수확은 24.6~27.8%로서 수확차수가 높을수록 건물비율이 높았다. 2. 수수 P 931이 P 956에 비하여 조섬유 함량은 높고, 가용성 무질소물은 더 낮았으나 조단백질과 조 지방 함량은 비슷하였다. 수수는 수수-수단그라스 보다 조단백질과 조회분의 함량은 낮고, 조섬유와 가용성 무질소물의 함량은 높았으나 조지빙은 비슷하였다. 3 .총 건물수량은 P 931>P 956>P 988의 순으로 높았다. 수수와 수수-수단그라스 교잡종의 1차 수확량은 파종량이 증가할수록 높았으나 2차 수확량은 파종량이 많을수록 감소하여 총 건물수량은 파종량 2-4 kg/lOa 사이에서는 차이가 없었다.

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