• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 1976

Central and lateral incisors of 20, 40 and 60 age groups were bisected pararelly to long axis and middle portion of mesio-distal of teeth. And author measured the hardness of various areas in enamel and dentin with vickers hardness tester. Measured levels were divided into the labio-middle portion, middle portion of incisal edge and linguo-middle portion in enamel and dentin of all age groups. The results were as follows; 1) Total average hardness of enamel for 20, 40 and 60 age groups were respectively Hv. 366.5${\pm}$5.75, Hv. 372.9${\pm}$8.16 and Hv. 389.8${\pm}$10.27. 2) Total average hardness of dentin for 20, 40 and 60 age groups were respectively Hv. 51.0${\pm}$2.14, Hv. 54.0${\pm}$1.87 and Hv. 55.3${\pm}$2.23. 3) Total microhardness values in enamel and dentin of 60 age group was highered than 20 and 40 age groups. 4) The hardness values of enamel and dentin in all age groups were detected lower value on the middle portion of incisal edge than the labio-middle portion and linguo-middle portion. 5) Microhardness values of enamel was highered gradually from the dentinoenamel junction to the outer surface and it lowered at the outermost surface in all age groups. The microhardness values of dentin were the highest values at 600${\mu}$ from dentino-enamel junction and the lowest values at near the pulp chamber in all age groups.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors on health related quality of life in middle age. Methods: Data were as collected by self-reported questionnaires from 303 middle age adults. Data analysis was done using SPSS/WIN 17.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The average score of health related quality of life was $79.50{\pm}0.40$. Health related quality of life was statistically significant differences according to gender, education, economic status and disease. The health related quality of life was significantly correlated with fatigue, depression, stress, social support, somatic attribution, psychological attribution, normalizing attribution and type D personality. The major factors that affect health related quality of life in middle age were stress, fatigue, type D personality and normalizing attribution, which explained 51.3% of health related quality of life. Conclusion: The findings can provide the basis for the development of nursing interventions to improve health related quality of life. Furthermore, more studies are needed to explore variables that influence on the health related quality of life in middle age.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.145-164
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to understand how late middle-aged women in our society view and adapt to “aging”. This is a crucial step forward linking two stages, the growing young age and the declining old age, which eventually improves the qualify of life in old a9e. This qualitative study used Personal narratives extracted from tape-recorded interviews of 20 late middle-aged women in their fifties and analyzed key experiences of late middle-aged women in their transition to old age. Participants were observed to perceive not only many limitations but also alternative potentialities. First, the major challenges due to the closing young era were ‘physical declines’, including health problems and wrinkles, and ‘leaving children’. Second, the potentialities to start a new era also could be found. Many participants found themselves to be generous enough to assist others in need. In addition, they looked to adapt to new challenges. It was likely that the many adversities that they had faced made them resilient. These results show that late middle-aged women were actively negotiating with themselves and their surroundings in order to overcome their losses, maintain their potentialities, and, in the process, acknowledge their impending old age for better preparation.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.213-229
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the heath status and health behavior of middle-aged Korean men and women. Even though there has been increased concern about extremely high mortality rate of Korean middle-aged men and mental health problems of middle aged women, there is a dearth of empirical studies which examine the health status and health behavior of middle-aged men and women in Korea. This study attempts to fill these gaps. Data gathered from 1,667 men and women aged between 30-59 are analyzed to examine the level of physical health, mental health, perceived health and health behavior and to explore the gender and age group differences in these aspects. The results show that there exist gender difference and age group difference in health status: Women are less healthy than men and as age increased health status declined. Women at their 50s are least healthy and most unhappy suggesting age and gender interaction in health status. There exist a gender difference in health behavior: Men have regular check-ups more frequently than women and exercise more. These results are discussed in terms of the gender differences in the experiences, social roles and life styles over the life course.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Adults in their middle age are being held back by their roles through economic activities, but their rapid retirement and job sharing are adding to their anxiety. Also, it is very important to establish welfare policies for the elderly in the future because it can predict the economic situation in the old age through the economic activities of middle-aged adults. My study analyzed the 6th data of Kreis of the National Pension Research Institute's. The number of people studied is 2,552 employed people aged 40 or over 64 across the country. According to the analysis, there were more men than women. There were many high school graduates and 50s. There were many people who had spouses and who lived in the province. Wage workers represented 53.1% of the total. The lower the age, the higher the level of education, the higher the number of wage earners. Only 29% of standard workers and 30.8% of regular workers were employed. There were many economically unstable middle-aged adults. Economic instability in the middle age requires social attention because it can lead to poverty in old age. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure stable jobs for middle-aged adults, whose spending increases more than their income.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.555-563
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• 2016

This study examined the economic burden of middle age householders supporting their family. They could not prepare for their later life because they are supporting their parents and children in their unstable employment. This study examined how to decrease the burden of middle age householders. Using the Korea Welfare Panel Study, this study analyzed data by hierarchical regression. The result showed that age, gender, education, unemployed, ownership of the house, number of employees, monthly income, and family relationship satisfaction had an effect on the economic burden of support by middle age householders. Based on the result, the researchers offered political suggestions for decreasing the levels of economic burden of support by middle age householders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

This study as one of a series of systematic studies about dancing costumes will compare the costumes of the middle age with their normal style of dress. In brief, this study wants people to know about middle a9e dancing costumes and understand the culture in the middle ages. It was found that people's everyday clothes in the middle age such as Surcot. Surcot-ouvert, Pourpoint, Houppelande were used as dancing costumes. They were, however. changed from the public's clothes which were tight and long. Rather than wearing costume over others. dancers wore costumes which had slits on skirt or sleeves to increase motion. With the Wild Man of the Wood's which only nobles used for their dancing costumes. costumers highlighted the beauty of human body There were various costume materials used in the middle ages like silk. cotton fabrics, linen or brocade. These materials were used for Surcot and Pourpoint as dancing costumes. The naturalness of nature or geometric patterns also was expressed on the costumes. Further about those patterns, because the development of stained glass, vivid colors were used especially red, light green, blue etc. As for the hair styles used, dancers let their hair down and put a jeweled crown over their hair. In summation. dancers wore the same clothes that normal People did, but the costumes were different depending on social status and gender. The costumes of ordinary people's were based upon ordinary clothes that moved and emphasized the dynamic motion. On the other side, the court dancers' costumes were very fancy. symbolizing a measurement of nobles' from wealth and authority. as well as an expression of a sense of beauty, The main features of middle ages follows. : To emphasize vitality, there were long slits on the side of skirt. Hair decorations and jewels are more used than in the ancient age's. To hide a dancer's social status. they could use a mask. Wild Man of the Wood's was used for the body makeup. All these features of the dancing costumes must contribute to the progress of the dance in the middle age's.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.389-399
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, clothing and cosmetics purchasing behaviors according to male consumer's age group. The research method was survey and subjects were 656 male consumers. The results were as follows. First, three factors (appearance importance awareness, appearance internalization, and slimness importance awareness) were emerged on sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. Young age group showed higher level of appearance importance awareness and internalization than middle age group. Second, there were many differences on clothing purchasing behaviors by age variable. Young age group more importantly considered psycho-social purchasing motives, aesthetic selection criteria, and the internet as information source and purchasing place than middle age group. Whereas middle age group more importantly considered practical purchasing motives, practical selection criteria, and store display & salesman as information sources, and fashion outlet as purchasing place than young age group. Third, there were also many differences on cosmetics purchasing behaviors by age variable. Young age group used more and various cosmetics, and they more importantly considered skin improvement as purchasing motive, skin suitability and price as selection criteria, the internet as information source and purchasing place than middle age group. On the other hand, middle age group generally used fundamental cosmetics, and they more importantly considered skin protection as purchasing motive, quality as selection criterion, TV and store display & salesman as information sources, and discount store and cosmetics speciality store as purchasing places than young age group.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.310-317
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• 2010

Middle aged women these days not only consider themselves as younger than actual, maintain figures and looks of younger women, but also show a big interest to fashion goods as younger generations. The TV media has a big influence on this trend. This study is conducted to figure out how the TV media involvement of middle aged women affects their difference age, youth-pursuing clothing behavior and fashion leadership. After the survey, a total of 326 questionnaires completed by women of their 40s and 50s were used to this analysis. The results are as follows, 1. The highest cognitive age of middle aged women was the look age, and the lowest was the feel age in the 40s, and the interest age in the 50s. And it was shown that the difference age were 7.05 years for the 40s and 9.10 years for the 50s. 2. The TV media involvement had a significant influence on the difference age as its antecedent. And the TV media involvement affected directly the youth-pursuing clothing behavior and fashion leadership. The higher the TV media involvement was, the higher difference age and fashion leadership were shown. 3. The difference age was shown as mediating the TV media involvement and the youth-pursuing clothing behavior, and the TV media involvement and fashion leadership only partially. 4. The youth-pursuing clothing behaviors were influenced by TV media involvement and difference age. Conclusionally, this study revealed that the TV media had a great influence on middle-aged women's clothing behavior, supporting the cultivation theory of TV media.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.79-91
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• 2011

This study divided school age by considering a change in the stage of body growth by age in elementary schoolgirls with the use of body scan data, and considered by comparing body size characteristics by school age. Elementary schoolgirls' body shape cannot be divided clearly. However, ages 7-10 were bound into the same group for the majority of girth, width, and thickness items. 7-8 years old, 9-10 years old, and 11-12 years old were bound into the same group in most items except ages 9 and 10 for the height item. Thus, significant difference was indicated between groups. Accordingly, this study divided the school age into three periods such as early stage(ages 7-8), middle stage(ages 9-10), and late stage(ages 11-12) in consideration of the stages for elementary schoolgirls' body-shape growth. As a result of analyzing body size according to division of school age, the higher school age leads to continuous growth. The notable growth was indicated especially in the middle stage and late stage. Examining centering on typical items related to the clothing construction, there was notable increase in waist thickness and hip thickness between early and middle stages and in height, weight, breast girth, waist circumference, back length, breast width, and waist width between middle and late stages. On the other hand, hip circumference, hip width, breast thickness, and length between shoulder edges were indicated to grow relatively and evenly among early, middle, and late stages. The lateral form was shown a clear difference in the forms of early, middle, and late stages in height and length of the whole body shape and in side thickness. The early and middle stages belong to body shape that abdomen is projected to be curved. The late stage showed right body shape which is straight and stable form in posture.