• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.149-169
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• 2002

The focus of this research was to understand the socio-demographic characteristics, pregnancy conditions, social support, and future plan of teenage unwed mothers in Korea. Among the unwed mother, the teenage group was a higher percentage (53.7%) than the over-twenties group (46.3%). In the distribution of teenage unwed mothers, the major part, 94.6%, was in the 16- to 17- year-old age range, and 5.4% were under 15 years of age. This indicates that the age of unwed mothers is getting lower. Most teenage unwed mothers were from intact(72.3%) and/or low-class(62.3%) families. A significant percentage (37.7%)was from middle- and upper-middle class families, signifying that teenage pregnancy is not a problem only of disadvantaged and lower class families. The education of one-third of the teenage unwed mothers in this study was only up to first year of middle school(7th grade), indicating that pregnancy may be a reason they dropped out of school.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.121-144
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the middle aged's perception of successful aging on their preparations for the old age. We used data from 350 participants, aged 35-64 in Seoul-Gyonggi region. The hierachial regression analysis estimated the relation between the middle aged's perception on successful aging and their preparations for the old age. The findings indicate that the middle aged's level of preparations for the old age was slightly higher than average. The level of their emotional preparation appeared highest and the level of economical preparation showed lowest. The perception of successful aging indicated relatively high, and especially the level of comfortable everyday life showed highest. The results also showed that personal characteristics influencing on preparations for the old age were sex, age, marriage status, religion, occupation, monthly income, health condition, level of plan for the old age, and social activities frequency, and demonstrated that the perception of successful aging effected on preparations for the old age positively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.69-73
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• 2006

Objective : The optimal surgical treatment for symptomatic middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts is controversial. Therapeutic options include endoscopic fenestration, excision, cyst shunting, and craniotomy for fenestration of basal cistern. We reviewed the results of surgically treated middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts. Methods : We performed a retrospective study in 18 cases of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts who had been treated with microsurgical fenestration between 1995 to 2003. The analysis was based on the results of the patients' age, sex distribution, developed area, clinical symptoms, treatment method, and complications. Results : Eighteen surgical treated middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts patients were evaluated. The age range of cyst development was between 2 years and 44 years with the average of 16.4 years. The follow-up periods averaged 31.48 months. There were 15 male and 3 female patients, with significantly more cyst development in males than females. The most common clinical symptom was headache, followed by seizure. In the entire series, 77.8% of patients demonstrated a decrease in cyst size In serial imaging studies. Of them, 67.3% demonstrated a complete cyst effacement. Overall, 100% of patients with Grade I cysts, 81.8% of patients with Grade II cysts, 60% of patients with Grade III cysts exhibited evidence of decrease in cyst size during long-term monitoring. Complications included headache, meningitis, and hydrocephalus. Conclusion : Patients who were treated with microsurgical fenestration showed good outcome with acceptable complications. We concluded that microsurgical fenestration is a safe and effective surgical method for middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare clothing attitude and clothing purchase behavior of two age groups of adult men,- college students and middle aged. Four aspects of clothing attitude (fashion interest, status symbol, conformity, practicality/comfort) were assessed with 20 Likert type questionnaires adapted from the previous researches. Four aspects of purchase behavior(information sources used, store patronage, importance of store attributes, clothing selection creteria for occasions) were measured with forced choice questionnaire developed or adapted from previous researches. The questionnaire were administrated to 512 male college students and middle aged men. The data were analysed using frequency, percentage, and t-test. The major findings drawn from this study were as follows : 1. Clothing comfort among four aspects of clothing attitude according to the age group was that middle-aged men showed higher conformity than college students. 2. For the information source for apparel purchase, college students used consumer dominated information source while middle-aged men used market dominated information source. 3. For apparel purchase, students preferred brand franchise store, and factory outlet/off-price store, while middle-aged preferred department store and custom-made. Among six store attributes, convenience and price were the most important attributes to the students, while convenience and high quality to the middle aged. 4. The most important clothing selection creteria for formal occasion (job interview, wedding ceremony) was dignity. Comfort/practicality were important creteria for both of leisure occasion and daily attendance (office, school).

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1027-1041
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• 2012

This study analyzed middle-aged woman volunteers' evaluations on their volunteering and its implications for the adult life-long education. The subjects were 126 women aged from 35 to 59 who enrolled in the volunteer centers in Busan, Korea. They participated in the survey of the volunteer effects and the factors that made them continue to volunteer. Survey said, middle-aged women volunteers perceived that they got positive feedback from others and themselves and it made them keep doing on volunteering. Based on their volunteering experiences, they reported the personal effects such as positivism, caring, volunteering capacity, industry, maturity and the family member's effects such as positivism and participating in their volunteering. They also mentioned that they had positive and negative effects on family relationship such as family relation reinforcement and being indifferent to their own family. Based on the research findings, it was the emphasized that supports for volunteering of the middle-aged women that helps them to accomplish the developmental tasks in the middle age are necessary. A scheme of linkage between volunteering and the adult life-long education was also dealt with. Finally, the implications on the further studies in the field were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1407-1417
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• 2008

This study intended to compare the effects of fashion emotional and relationship experience of middle and old aged women on their long-term relationship orientation. The survey was conducted in September and October in 2006 on 579 middle old aged women whose age varied from 40 to 70 years old, who lived in Seoul and the metropolitan area and had experienced fashion shopping. The SPSS 12.0 was used to do an analysis of frequency, an exploratory factor analysis, and a multi-regression analysis and Lisrel 8.14 was applied to make a path analysis. The result of this study was as follows: Comparing the two age groups, the most important fact was that fashion related experience had more affective on long-term relationship orientation for old aged than middle aged women. Secondly, the effects of fashion emotional experience of middle and old aged women affected the long-term relationship orientation were the same. This analysis suggested that intensive marketing strategy effort of emotional experience for middle aged women and relational experience for old aged women should be more effective in fashion market.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.726-736
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• 2015

The apparel industry has recently been recognizing the important target market of middle-aged women. The aim of this study was to examine the anthropometric characteristics of US women of 46 to 65 years of age and identify distinctive body shape characteristics of US middle-aged women. A total of 1915 middle-aged women whose ages ranged from 46 to 65 were selected from the SizeUSA database. The age range was divided into two groups: 46-55 and 56-65. Twenty-four body measurements important for apparel development were chosen. Four factors-Girth Factor, Height Factor, Hip Drop Factor, and Bust Drop Factor-accounted for the US middle-aged women's body measurements. The body shapes were classified into four body shapes, which were Y-Shape in the overweight range, S-Shape in the overweight range, H-Shape in the overweight range, and the A-Shape in obese range. H-Shape, which was the least-defined waist in relation to the bust and hips with a short height, existed more in older middle-aged women than in younger middle-aged women. Y-Shape, S-Shape, and A-Shape existed more in the group of younger middle-aged women than in the group of older middle-aged women. In addition, compared with the younger middle-aged women, older middle-aged women had narrower shoulders, a larger waist, thinner legs, and a longer distance between side neck to bust point. The findings from the current study may be applied in the apparel industry for developing clothing sizing systems for US middle-aged women.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1968

Some of geologists in Korea recently postlated that Okchon system previously known to be precambrian age was the metamorphosed sediments of post-Chosen (Ordovician and pre-Kyeongsang (late Jurassic to Cretaceous) periods, or even definitely of Triassic period simply on the basis of the fact that Okcheon system overlies the Great Limestone series of Chosen system of Camber-ordovician age, and of other few assumptions of minor importance. As a result of such correlation, thick series of metasediments and Okcheon system of unknown age were established in this particular region and vaguely correlated to Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments. Recent study done by the author reveled that: 1) only the upper Okcheon bed of S. Nakamura was true Okcheon system, and the middle and lower Okcheon beds were excluded, because they were correlated to Cambrian and Permian sediments resfectively, 2) Sangnaeri, Seochangri, and rengam formations of unknown age, and Baekhwasan, Jobong, and Ihwaryeong formations of Okcheon system of also unknown age were the metamorphosed Yangdeok system of Cambrian age, all of these formations were differentiated by the previous workers and were equivalent to the middle Okcheon system of S. Nakamure, and. 3) These metamorphosed Yangdeok system overlaid apparently the Great Limestone series in forms of overthrust and klippe which were produced by the orogeny took place during post-Daedong and pre-Kyeongsang period (probably middle to the Jurassic). The Sobaeksan Range, folded mountain Chains was also formed by this orogeny. Thus, Okcheon system newly defined by the author is precambrain age and consists in ascending order of Kemyenogsan, Hyangsan dolomite, and Daehangsan quartzite formation which were previously classified into metasediments of unknown age, and Munjuri, and Hwangkanri, formations which were differentiated into Okcheon system unknown age by the previous workers, but are of reversed sequence. Myeongori and Bukrori formations of Okcheon System are regard by the author as part of Hwangkanri formation. Few other assumption of minor important taken by the previous workers as their positive evidences are carefully explained that they were misinterpreted.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-101
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• 2008

This research performs a multi comparison between the age of old households and the economic structure according to accommodation type as well as analyzing the economical structural difference of each type based on the features of aged households. The paper classified aged households into 3 groups according to age distribution. The economic structure analysis according to the age of old households and accommodation type was shown as follow: First, the economical structural analysis based on the age of old households showed a statistical difference in the total, labor, business, property and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, the non-business income and liabilities did not show a significant difference. Second, in the analysis of different economic earnings and initial expenses of middle-aged households according to the age distribution group showed a disparity in the total, labor, business, property, and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, aged households showed a statistical difference in total, labor, business and transfer income variables. Third, in the analysis of difference in the expense provision and size of consumption, there was a statistical difference in the expense variables of total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication. Fourth, in the analysis of difference in the size of consumption expense, the initial and middle-aged households showed a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, communication, and consumption expense variables. However, the analysis of aged households has shown a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication expense variables. The study found a statistical difference in the expense for hygienics that did not appear in the initial and middle-aged households.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.931-942
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• 1999

The aim of this research is to grasp the relation between lumbago incidence rate and research hypothesis in the effects of sex life of the middle-aged couples in Taejon area upon lumbago. And so, this writer had questionaired the 400 middle-aged couples in five gus, Taejon megalopolis -Jung-gu, Seo-gu, Dong-gu, Yuseong-gu, and Taedeok-gu - from April 21, 1998 to May 10, 1998. Of them, total 209 question papers were drawn back; male 102, female 107. Analysis of the data is as follows. 1. 145(69.37%) subjects of total 209 had experience in lumbago after their sexual lives. 2. In the number of sex life a week, one or two times of lumbago incidence rate were the most rate as 41.55% and each other had a statistically significant relation (P 0.01). 3. In age and lumbago incidence rate, their thirties was 37.75% and each other had a significant relation (P 0.05). 4. In weight and lumbago incidence rate, the level of $50kg{\sim}60kg$ was highest and each other didn't have a significant relation (P 0.05). 5. In the mean time of sexual life, the period of $11{\sim}20$ minutes was 29.47% and each other had a significant relation (P 0.01). 6. In week time zone of sexual life and lumbago incidence rate, midnight was the highest rate, 36.23% and each other didn't have a significant relation (P 0.05). 7. In the lumbago incidence rate according to bedroom structure of sexual life, a bed was 38.17% and each other had a significant relation (P 0.05). 8. In the lumbago incidence rate according to sexual posture, a normal position showed the highest rate, 46.12% and each other didn't have a significant relation (P 0.05). Putting the abovesaid results together, lumbago has relation to the number of sex life a week, age, the mean time of sexual life, and bedroom structure of sexual life. Therefore, it is thought that it is necessary that middle-aged couples periodically study the educational programs to make an education for lumbago prevention, etc. the key points.