• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.40 no.7
• /
• pp.450-456
• /
• 2017

Mammalian physiology and behavior are regulated by an internal time-keeping system, referred to as circadian rhythm. The circadian timing system has a hierarchical organization composed of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and local clocks in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs. The circadian clock molecular mechanism involves a network of transcription-translation feedback loops. In addition to the clinical association between circadian rhythm disruption and mood disorders, recent studies have suggested a molecular link between mood regulation and circadian rhythm. Specifically, genetic deletion of the circadian nuclear receptor Rev-$erb{\alpha}$ induces mania-like behavior caused by increased midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) tone at dusk. The association between circadian rhythm and emotion-related behaviors can be applied to pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD), DAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta progressively degenerate leading to motor dysfunction. Patients with PD also exhibit non-motor symptoms, including sleep disorder and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that link the molecular circadian clock and brain machinery in the regulation of emotional behaviors and related midbrain DAergic neuronal circuits in healthy and pathological states. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the association between circadian rhythm and mood regulation from a chronobiological perspective, and may provide insight into therapeutic approaches to target psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases involving circadian rhythm dysfunction.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.110-118
• /
• 2018

The objective of this study was to induce the production of isthmic organizer (IsO)-like cells capable of secreting fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 and WNT1 from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The precise modulation of canonical Wnt signaling was achieved in the presence of the small molecule CHIR99021 ($0.6{\mu}M$) during the neural induction of human ESCs, resulting in the differentiation of these cells into IsO-like cells having a midbrain-hindbrain border (MHB) fate in a manner that recapitulated their developmental course in vivo. Resultant cells showed upregulated expression levels of FGF8 and WNT1. The addition of exogenous FGF8 further increased WNT1 expression by 2.6 fold. Gene ontology following microarray analysis confirmed that IsO-like cells enriched the expression of MHB-related genes by 40 fold compared to control cells. Lysates and conditioned media of IsO-like cells contained functional FGF8 and WNT1 proteins that could induce MHB-related genes in differentiating ESCs. The method for generating functional IsO-like cells described in this study could be used to study human central nervous system development and congenital malformations of the midbrain and hindbrain.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.85-89
• /
• 2014

■ Objectives The purpose of this clinical study is to evaluate the effect of Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM) on a patient with abnormal eye movement. ■ Methods A patient with abnormal eye movement of limbs diagnosed with midbrain infarction was treated with herbal medication, acupuncture, moxa, and herbal medical injection. Then we evaluated the improvement by measuring range of eye movement. ■ Results Increase of range of eye movement and improvement of symptom of diplopia were observed after the TKM treatment. ■ Conclusion This study proved the effect of TKM treatment on abnormal eye movement due to midbrain infarction.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 1998

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is one of the main enzymes involved in the formation and metabolism of the neurotransmitter glutamate. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of the GDH-immunoreactive cells in the rat brain using monoclonal antibodies against bovine brain GDH isoprotein. GDH-immunoreactive cell were distributed in the basal ganglia, thalamus and the nuclei belong to substantia innominata, and its connecting area, subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, and substantia niqra. We could see GDH-immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus, septal nuclei associated with the limbic system, the anterior thalamic nuclei connecting between the hypothalamus and limbic system, and its associated structures, amygdaloid nuclear complex, the dorsal raphe and median raphe nuclei and the reticular formation of the midbrain. The GDH-immunoreactive cells were shown in the pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex, the Purkinie cells of the cerebella cortex, their associated structures, ventral thalamic nuclei and the reticular thalamic nuclei that seem to function as neural conduction in the thalamus.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 1987

The effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the activities if tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine ${\beta}$-hydroxylase (DBH), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in various regions (cerebral cortex, striatum, midbrain, pons and medulla of nat brain have been determined. It was observed that up to 1mM MSGhad no significant effects on the activities of brain tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine ${\beta}$-hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase in all regions of rat brain. These results indicated that MSG itself exerted no direct effect on the important enzymes synthsizing and metabolizing the monoaminergic neuronal system.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.273-276
• /
• 2012

Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy is a very rare complication of the long standing use of metronidazole. The encephalopathy is bilateral and symmetric in nature. We report on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical course of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a 60-year-old female with a persistent anaerobic brain abscess after draining of the abscess. After 3 months of metronidazole administration, the patient complained of dysarthria, tingling sense of all extremities, and left hemiparesis. MRI revealed symmetric hyperintensity lesions in medulla, pons, dentate nuclei of cerebellum, and splenium of corpus callosum, all of which represent typical findings of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. In addition, asymmetric lesions in midbrain, thalamus, putamen and cerebral subcortical white matter were noted. The patient recovered after discontinuation of metronidazole and the remaining abscess was successfully treated with meropenem and levofloxacine.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.144-146
• /
• 2012

Parkinsonism secondary to intracranial mass lesions usually results from compression or distortion of the basal ganglia. Secondary parkinsonism due to midbrain infiltration or compression is rare and generally associated with other neurologic signs caused by pyramidal tract and/or cranial nerve involvement. We report a case of 30-year-old woman in whom mild parkinsonism was the major clinical manifestation of an astrocytoma in the anterior third ventricle and hypothalamus. She underwent surgical resection, ventriculoperitoneal shunt and radiation therapy. All symptoms of parkinsonism were completely recovered 3 months after the treatment. Brain tumors can be manifested only by the symptoms of parkinsonism. This case emphasizes the significance of neuroimaging in the evaluation of parkinsonism.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.358-367
• /
• 2018

Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Furthermore, the period circadian clock 2 (Per2) gene is an important component of the circadian clock, which modulates the circadian rhythm. Per2 is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as well as other brain areas, including the midbrain and forebrain. This indicates that Per2 may affect various neurobiological activities such as sleeping, depression, and addiction. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological functions of Per2, which could help to better understand its roles in the CNS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.154-154
• /
• 2001

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.533-544
• /
• 1995

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, pregressive, demyelinating, disease of the central nervous system. It is named for the formation of disseminated scarlike lesions primarily in the central white mattrer of the brain and spinal cord. These plaques are commonly found in the regions of the optic tracts, third and fourth ventricles, basal ganglia, midbrain, pons, and spinal cord. Multiple sclerosis is an unpredictable disease, typically presenting with an exacerbating-remitting course, although other clinical courses have been recognized. Common clinical findings include disturbances in sensation, muscle strength, tone, fatigue, coordination, vision, communication, bladder and bowel function, and cognitive and behavioral function. Physical therapy of the patient with multiple sclerosis is centered around decreasing symptoms, improving function, prevention secondary complications, and promoting successful psychological adjustment. It requires the comprehensive efforts of a health care team to provide coordinated and continuing care.