• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2020

To improve the mechanical properties of most structural materials for industrial applications, the control of microstructure is essential by heat treatment process or plastic deformation process. Since the mechanical behavior of structural materials is significantly influenced by their microstructure, it is inevitably preceded to understand the relationship between microstructure and strengthening mechanisms of materials which can be easily changed by heat treatment. In this regard, the nanoindentation test is useful technique for analyzing the influence of the localized microstructural change on small-scale mechanical behavior of various structural materials. Here, the interesting studies performed on various heat-treated materials are reviewed with focus on micromechanical properties obtained by nanoindentation, which are reported in the available literature.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.407-416
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• 2022

In this study, the gravitating mechanical stir casting method was used to fabricating the Nb₂O₅/AZ31 magnesium matrix nanocomposites. Niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅) used as reinforcement with two different weight percentages (3 wt % and 6 wt %). The influence of Nb₂O₅ on microstructure and mechanical properties has been investigated. The microstructure analysis showed that the composites are mainly composed of the primary α-magnesium phase and phase β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ secondary phase. The secondary phase was dispersed evenly along the grain boundary of the Mg phase. The Nb₂O₅/AZ31 nanocomposites revealed that the grain size and its lamellar shape (β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂) were gradually refined. Different strengthening mechanisms were assessed in terms of their contributions. Results showed that composite material properties of hardness, yield strength, and fracture study were directly related to Nb₂O₅ as a reinforcement. The maximum values of the mechanical properties were achieved with the addition of 3 wt% Nb₂O₅ on the AZ31 alloy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2021

Exhaust manifold is a very important component that is directly connected to air environment pollution and that requires strict mechanical properties such as high temperature fatigue and oxidation. Among stainless steels, the ferritic stainless steel with body-centered cubic structure shows excellent resistance of stress-corrosion cracking, ferromagnetic at room temperature, very excellent cold workability and may not be enhanced by heat treatment. The microstructural characteristics of four cast ferritic stainless steels which are high heat-resistant materials, were analyzed. By comparing and evaluating the mechanical properties at room temperature and high temperature in a range of 400℃~800℃, a database was established to control and predict the required properties and the mechanical properties of the final product. The precipitates of cast ferritic stainless steels were analyzed and the high-temperature deformation characteristics were evaluated by comparative analysis of hardness and tensile characteristics of four steels at room temperature and from 400℃ to 800℃.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.207-220
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• 2020

Clay soils have a big potential to become contaminated with the oil derivatives because they cover a vast area of the earth. The oil derivatives diffusion in the soil lead to soil contamination and changes the physical and mechanical properties of the soil specially clay soils. Soil stabilization by using new material is very important for geotechnical engineers in order to improve the engineering properties of the soil. The main subjects of this research are a- to investigate the effect of the cement and epoxy resin mixtures on the stabilization and on the mechanical parameters as well as the microstructural properties of clay soils contaminated with gasoline and kerosene, b- study on the phenomenon of clay concrete development. Practical engineering indexes such as Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), elastic modulus, toughness, elastic and plastic strains are all obtained during the course of experiments and are used to determine the optimum amount of additives (cement and epoxy resin) to reach a practical stabilization method. Microstructural tests were also conducted on the specimens to study the changes in the nature and texture of the soil. Results obtained indicated that by adding epoxy resin to the contaminated soil specimens, the strength and deformational properties are increased from 100 to 1500 times as that of original soils. Further, the UCS of some stabilized specimens reached 40 MPa which exceeded the strength of normal concrete. It is interesting to note that, in contrast to the normal concrete, the strength and deformational properties of such stabilized specimens (including UCS, toughness and strain at failure) are simultaneously increased which further indicate on suitability and applicability of the current stabilization method. It was also observed that increasing cement additive to the soil has negligible effect on the contaminated soils stabilized by epoxy resin. In addition, the epoxy resin showed a very good and satisfactory workability for the weakest and the most sensitive soils contaminated with oil derivatives.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-74
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• 2012

A powder metallurgy-based rapid consolidation technique, Plasma Pressure Compaction ($P^2C^{(R)}$), was utilized to produce near-net shape parts of gamma titanium aluminides (${\gamma}$-TiAl). Micron-sized ${\gamma}$-TiAl powders, composed of Ti-50%Al and Ti-48%Al-2%Cr-2%Nb (at%), were rapidly consolidated to form near-net shape ${\gamma}$-TiAl parts in the form of 1.0" (25.4 mm) diameter discs, as well as $3"{\times}2.25"$ ($76.2mm{\times}57.2mm$) tiles, having a thickness of 0.25" (6.35 mm). The ${\gamma}$-TiAl parts were consolidated to near theoretical density. The microstructural morphology of the consolidated parts was found to vary with consolidation conditions. Mechanical properties exhibited a strong dependence on microstructural morphology and grain size. Because of the rapid consolidation process used here, grain growth during consolidation was minimal, which in turn led to enhanced mechanical properties. Consolidated ${\gamma}$-TiAl samples corresponding to Ti-48%Al-2%Cr-2%Nb composition with a duplex microstructure (with an average grain size of $5{\mu}m$) exhibited superior mechanical properties. Flexural strength, ductility, elastic modulus and fracture toughness for these samples were as high as 1238 MPa, 2.3%, 154.58 GPa and 17.95 MPa $m^{1/2}$, respectively. The high temperature mechanical properties of the consolidated ${\gamma}$-TiAl samples were characterized in air and vacuum and were found to retain flexural strength and elastic modulus for temperatures up to $700^{\circ}C$. At high temperatures, the flexural strength of ${\gamma}$-TiAl samples with Ti-50%Al composition deteriorated in air by 10% as compared to that in vacuum. ${\gamma}$-TiAl samples with Ti-48%Al-2%Nb-2%Cr composition exhibited better if not equal flexural strength in air than in vacuum at high temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2009

It was evaluated that the microstructural and mechanical properties of Ta-bearing 9Cr-0.5Mo-2W ferritic/martensitic experimental steels. All the experimental steels showed the tempered martensitic microstructures, and $M_{23}C_6$ carbides, whose sizes were ranged from 200 to 300 nm, were easily observed at both boundaries of the prior austenite grain and the martensite lath. In addition, a relatively large Nb-rich MX carbonitrides were intermittently detected at the prior austenite grain boundaries, whereas a lot of Vrich MX carbonitrides, whose mean diameter was less than 50 nm, were observed randomly at both boundaries. Ta was mainly incorporated into the V-rich MX carbonitrides rather than the Nb-rich ones and their content was spanned from 5 to 20 at.%. Ta contents within the MX precipitates also increased as the content of Ta increased. Because the Ta addition into the steels would be attributed to the precipitation strengthening, solid solution strengthening and lath width reduction, it was shown that the mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength and creep rate of the 9%Cr-0.5Mo-2W steels were improved by the increase of Ta content. Especially, 9Cr-0.5Mo-2W-0.3V-0.05Nb-0.14Ta steel was revealed to be relatively excellent in the application for the SFR fuel cladding.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1026-1033
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• 2009

Fine ceramics have high strength, excellent wear resistance, chemical stability and high strength at high temperature and are receiving attention in various fields such as construction, engineering, aerospace and marine science. Finish machining process is required to obtain precise ceramics components because sintering process necessary for obtaining high strength and high quality ceramics reduces the dimensions of components and precision of shape. But high strength and brittleness of ceramics materials cause difficulty in processing. So a process for obtaining wanted dimensions is studying using high temperature which makes ceramics softened and thermal affected recently. Laser beam is a very useful optical device for these kinds of processes. Laser process such as laser cutting, laser machining, laser heat treatment and laser-assisted machining(LAM) is researching to manufacture practical ceramics components using intense laser source which can cause local softening and damage of workpiece. In this paper, microstructural and mechanical properties of silicon nitride heated are studied as a basic study for researching of ceramics process by laser beam. The surface variation of HIP and SSN-silicon nitride was analyzed with SEM and EDS. A processing at $1,300^{\circ}C$ or above causes N element to combine into $N_2$ gas and the gas busts from surface. These phenomena make bloat, craters and heat defects on the surface of silicon nitride. Also, oxygen content is largely increased to oxidize the surface and it causes changing of phases and reducing of hardness of surface.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.479-490
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• 2021

Present research is mainly focused on, microstructural and durability analysis of Graphene Oxide (GO) in Wollastonite (WO) induced cement mortar with silica fume. The study was conducted by evaluating the mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strength), durability properties (water absorption, sorptivity and sulphate resistance) and microstructural analysis by SEM. Cement mortar mix prepared by replacing 10% ordinary portland cement with SF was considered as the control mix. Wollastonite replacement level varied from 0 to 20% by weight of cement. The optimum replacement of wollastonite was found to be 15% and this was followed by four sets of mortar specimens with varying substitution levels of cementitious material with GO at dosage rates of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% by weight. The results indicated that the addition of up to 15%WO and 0.3% GO improves the hydration process and increase the compressive strength and flexural strength of the mortar due to the pore volume reduction, thereby strengthening the mortar mix. The resistance to water penetration and sulphate attack of mortar mixes were generally improved with the dosage of GO in presence of 15% Wollastonite and 10% silica fume content in the mortar mix. Furthermore, FE-SEM test results showed that the WO influences the lattice framework of the cement hydration products increasing the bonding between silica fume particles and cement. The optimum mix containing 0.3% GO with 15% WO replacement exhibited extensive C-S-H formation along with a uniform densified structure indicating that calcium meta-silicate has filled the pores.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2001

Evaluation of microstructural changes is important for process control during open die forging of heavy ingots. The control of forging parameters, such as shape of the dies, reduction, temperature and sequence of passes, is to maximize the forging effects and to minimize inhomogeneities of mechanical properties. The hot working die steel is produced by using the multistage open die forging. The structure is altered during forging by subsequent Precesses of plastic deformation, recrystallization and grain growth. A numerical analysis using an rigid visco-plastic finite element model was performed to predict microstructural evolution of hot working die steel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.172-175
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• 2003

Thermomechanical behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloys have been studied to investigate the effect of microstructural features such as pre-existing substructure and distribution of particles on the deformation characteristics. The controlled compression tests have been carried out to get the basic information on how the alloy responds to temperature, strain amount and strain rate. Then hot forging of Al-Mg-Si alloys has been carried out and analyzed by the comparison with the compression tests. Microstructural features after forging have been discussed in terms of the thermomechanical response of Al-Mg-Si alloys. As already well mentioned, we have found that the deformation of Al-Mg-Si at the elevated temperature brought the recovered structure on most conditions. In a certain time, however, abnormally large grains have been found as a result of deformation assisted grain growth, which means that hot forging of Al-Mg-Si alloys could lead to a undesirable microstructural variation and the consequent mechanical properties such as fatigue strength.