• Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.587-598
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• 2018

The impacts of aerosol loading on surface precipitation from mid-latitude deep convective systems are examined using a bin microphysics model. For this, a precipitation case over north central Mongolia, which is a high-altitude inland region, on 21 August 2014 is simulated with aerosol number concentrations of 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and $4800cm^{-3}$. The surface precipitation amount slightly decreases with increasing aerosol number concentration in the range of $150-600cm^{-3}$, while it notably increases in the range of $600-4800cm^{-3}$ (22% increase with eightfold aerosol loading). We attempt to explain why the surface precipitation amount increases with increasing aerosol number concentration in the range of $600-4800cm^{-3}$. A higher aerosol number concentration results in more drops of small sizes. More drops of small sizes grow through condensation while being transported upward and some of them freeze, thus increasing the mass content of ice crystals. The increased ice crystal mass content leads to an increase in the mass content of small-sized snow particles largely through deposition, and the increased mass content of small-sized snow particles leads to an increase in the mass content of large-sized snow particles largely through riming. In addition, more drops of small sizes increase the mass content of supercooled drops, which also leads to an increase in the mass content of large-sized snow particles through riming. The increased mass content of large-sized snow particles resulting from these pathways contributes to a larger surface precipitation amount through melting and collision-coalescence.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.315-346
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• 2007

A preceding companion article introduced the slot jet approach for large-scale quasi-steady modelling of a downburst outflow. This article extends the approach to model the time-dependent features of the outflow. A two-dimensional slot jet with an actuated gate produces a gust with a dominant roll vortex. Two designs for the gate mechanism are investigated. Hot-wire anemometry velocity histories and profiles are presented. As well, a three-dimensional, subcloud numerical model is used to approximate the downdraft microphysics, and to compute stationary and translating outflows at high resolution. The evolution of the horizontal and vertical velocity components is examined. Comparison of the present experimental and numerical results with field observations is encouraging.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2003년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.334-337
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• 2003

장마포기에는 적도에서 동지나 지역은 주로 대류에 의한 강수가 우세했으며, 대다수의 수증기는 인도 몬순지역에서 이류되어 온 수증기임을 안 수 있었다. 장마기에는 한반도 지역은 convection에 의한 강수는 미소하나 microphysics에 의한 강수가 지배적이었다. 이 때 수증기의 근원(강수량)은 인도 몬순지역에서 이류되어 온 수증기이다. 비장마기에 우리나라 및 대다수의 지역은 microphysics에 의한 강수가 지배적이었다. 또한 태풍의 북상으로 인한 대량의 수증기의 이류이다. 수증기의 대부분은 Rossby wave의 복동방향 전파에 기인한다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.231-235
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• 2001

Cosmic-ray acceleration, although physically important in many astrophysical contexts, is difficult to incorporate into numerical models,. because it involves microphysics that is generally far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and also because the length and time scales for that physics typically range over many orders of magnitude, reflecting the huge range of particle rigidities that must be represented. The most common accelerator models are stochastic in nature and involve nonequilibrium plasma properties that are also often poorly understood. Still, nature clearly finds a way to produce simple, robust and almost scale-free energy distributions for the cosmic-rays. Their importance has inspired a number of approaches to examining the production and transport of cosmic-ray particles in numerical simulations. I offer here a brief comparison of some of the methods that have been introduced.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권2_1호
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• pp.237-248
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• 2018

본 연구에서 영동지역 강수 전(2016년 12월 13일) 운저 고도인근 수상체 분포를 스캐닝 라이다와 레윈존데 자료 및 구름분해모델(Cloud Resolving Storm Simulator; CReSS)의 모의 결과를 통해 분석하였다. 강수 전운저 인근에서 관측된 라이다의 연직 후방산란 신호와 평광비 프로파일은 유사한 특징을 보였다. 이를 모델의 재현 결과와 비교하였을 때, 찬 구름 내부(< $0^{\circ}C$)에 존재하는 운빙(ice), 눈(snow)과 운저 인근에 형성된 과냉각 수 적층, 운저 아래에서 낙하하는 부착(rimed)형 눈의 존재를 관측한 결과라 판단된다. 또한, 고도에 따른 광학속성 프로파일의 변화 형태에 따라 연직으로 구간을 세분화하여 연직 수상체의 형상과 밀도에 대해 분석한 결과를 제시하였다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.555-566
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• 2009

한국천문연구원의 지상기반 GPS 수신기에서 산출된 가강수량을 수치예보모델 모사 결과로부터 획득된 가강수량과 비교하였다. 수치예보모델인 WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)의 둥지격자에 대한 단시간 예보장이 비교자료로 사용되었다. 수치설험은 구름 미세물리 방안을 선택하면서 수행되었으며 비교기간은 2008년의 장마기간중 1개월이었다. GPS 관측 자료는 남한에 분포되어 있는 9개 관측소에서 2008년 6월부터 7월 사이의 1개월간 자료가 사용되었다. 대체적으로, WRF 모델은 GPS 관측 자료에 의해 산출된 가강수량의 시 공간적 변화와 상당히 잘 일치하였다. 상관계수는 모델 예보 시간이 증가함에 따라 감소되었으며 모델 해상도에 따른 가강수량 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 또한 라디오존데에서 산출된 가강수량을 이용하여 수치모델 가강 수량과 GPS 가강수량과의 비교분석을 수행하였다. 이러한 결과들은 시 공간적으로 고해상도인 GPS 관측 자료로부터 산출된 가강수량이 기상학적 적용에 유용함을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1992

Development of cumulus is studied by numerically integrating the equation of motion equations of conservation for water vapor mixing ratio, and the thermodynamic energy equuation. We use the terrain-following coordinate system called z'-coordinate system, in which we can easily treat any calculation domain with terrain configuration such as mountains. The model domain of calculation is restricted vertically to 4.Skin and horizontally to 100 km, has a bell-type mountain in the centeral part. Four cases are considered, one in a neutral environment, second in a slightly stable environment, third in a environment decreasing water content with low value of initial water vapor mixing ratio, the fourth in a case with higher vapor gradient. The more the atmosphere is unstable, the more cumulus develops easily and the more water vapors is abundant, the more cumulus develops easily too. More detailed cloud microphysics parameterizations and wet deposition must be conridered to use in air pollutants prediction model.

• 대기
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.73-85
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• 2012

The collision efficiency data for collision between graupel or hail particles and cloud drops that take into account the differences of particle density are applied to the Takahashi cloud model. The original setting assumes that graupel or hail collision efficiency is the same as that of the cloud drops of the same volume. The Takahashi cloud model is run with the new collision efficiency data and the results are compared with those with the original. As an initial condition, a thermodynamic profile that can initiate strong convection is provided. Three different CCN concentration values and therefore three initial cloud drop spectra are prescribed that represent maritime (CCN concentration = 300 $cm^{-3}$), continental (1000 $cm^{-3}$) and extreme continental (5000 $cm^{-3}$) air masses to examine the aerosol effects on cloud and precipitation development. Increase of CCN concentration causes cloud drop sizes to decrease and cloud drop concentrations to increase. However, the concentration of ice particles decreases with the increase of CCN concentration because small drops are difficult to freeze. These general trends are well captured by both model runs (one with the new collision efficiency data and the other with the original) but there are significant differences: with the new data, the development of cloud and raindrop formation are delayed by (1) decrease of ice collision efficiency, (2) decrease of latent heat from riming process and (3) decrease of ice crystals generated by ice multiplication. These results indicate that the model run with the original collision efficiency data overestimates precipitation rates.

• 센서학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.282-288
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• 2003

MBE 방법으로 Si 기판위에 성장된 CdTe(211) 박막위에 MOVPE 법으로 HgCdTe 박막을 성장하였다. 성장된 박막의 표면은 hillock 등의 결함이 없는 매우 균일한 형상을 보였다. HgCdTe 박막표면의 EPD(etch pit density) 및 (422) 결정면의 이중 결정 x-선 회절 피크의 반치폭으로 본 결정성은 GaAs 기판위에 성장된 HgCdTe 박막에 비하여 우수하였다. GaAs 기판 위에 MOVPE 법으로 성장된 HgCdTe는 기판처리 과정에서 유입된 p-형 불순물로 인해 p-형 전도성을 나타내었으나 (211)CdTe 기판 위에 성장된 박막은 77K에서 $8{\times}10^{14}/cm^3$의 운반자 농도를 갖는 n-형 전도성을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 최근 요구되고 있는 $1024{\times}1024$급 이상의 화소를 갖는 대면적 HgCdTe 적외선 소자 제작에 널리 적용될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.630-645
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• 2009

The tropopause fold event that took place on January 1, 1997 over mid-region on the Korean Peninsula is examined by means of a numerical simulation based on a Mesoscale Model (MM5). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of moisture in reinforcing a tropopause fold linked to an explosive cyclone. Two types of simulations were carried out; 1) simulations for moist conditions in which full physical and dynamic processes are considered and 2) simulations for dry conditions in which cumulus parameterization and cloud microphysics process are excluded. The results of the moist condition simulations demonstrate that the intensity of the central pressure of the cyclone was overestimated compared with the observed values and that the location of the center and the pressure deepening rates (-17 hPa/12 hr) complied with the observed values. The potential vorticity (PV) anomaly on the isentropic surface at 305 K continued to move in a southeast direction on January 1, 1997 and thus created a single tube of tropopause fold covering the northern and the middle area of the Korean Peninsula and reaching the ground surface at 0300 UTC and 0600 UTC. The results of the dry condition simulations show that the tropopause descended to 500 and 670 hPa in 0300 and 0600 UTC, respectively at the same location for the moist condition simulation; however, there was no deep tropopause fold observed. A comparison of the simulated data between the moist and the dry conditions suggests that a deep tropopause fold should happen when there is sufficient moist in the atmosphere and significantly large PV in the lower atmosphere pulls down the upper atmosphere rather than when the tropopause descends itself due to dynamic causes. Thus, it is estimated that moisture in the atmosphere should have played a crucial role in a deep tropopause fold process.