• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2005

Human placental extract (HPE), which is prepared from the placenta of healthy pregnant females, has been widely used in clinical field. HPE is known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidative, anti-mutagenic, and analgesic properties. In this study, the effect of HPE against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation was investigated. From the present results, HPE was shown to suppress prostaglandin E2 synthesis (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production by inhibition on the LPS-stimulated enhancement of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions in mouse BV2 microglial cells. These results suggest that HPE may offer a valuable mean of therapy for the treatment of brain inflammatory diseases by attenuating LPS-induced PGE2 and NO production.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.34-41
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• 2024

Extracellular traps (ETs), primarily composed of DNA and antibacterial peptides, are mainly secreted by neutrophils to inhibit pathogen spread and eliminate microorganisms. Recent reports suggest that microglia can also secrete ETs, and these microglial ETs are associated with various neurological conditions, including nerve injury, tumor microenvironment, and ischemic stroke. However, the components and functions of microglial ETs remain underexplored. Secretagogin (Scgn), a calcium-sensor protein, plays a crucial role in the release of peptide hormones, such as insulin, in endocrine cells; however, its function in immune cells, including microglia, is not well understood. Our study demonstrated that Scgn deficiency can lead to the formation of abnormal ETs. We hypothesized that this may involve the c-Jun N-terminal kinase-myeloperoxidase pathway and autophagy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2023

Ipomoea aquatic is a leafy vegetable of the Convolvulaceae family, and is a tropical plant widely inhabiting southern China and Southeast Asia, and is widely known as Morning Glory in the West. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl acetate extract from Ipomoea aquatic extracts (IAE) were tested against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation microglia BV2 cells. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and cell viability were measured using the Griess reagent and MTT assay, respectively. Inflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] were detected qPCR in LPS induced BV-2 cells. Subsequently, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed through western blot analyses and immunofluorescence. Ipomoea aquatic down-regulated of inflammatory markers and up-regulated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidants in BV2 cells.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.540-548
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• 2008

Paeonia radix is the root of Paeonia aliflora Pallas, which is a perennial plant classified in the family Paeoniaceae. Paeonia radix possesses several pharmacological effects such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic, anti-oxidative, and anti-coagulant activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of the aqueous extract of Paeonia radix on the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in mouse BV2 microglial cells. The aqueous extract of Paeonia radix at respective concentration was treated one hour before lipopolysaccharide treatment. In the present results, the aqueous extract of Paeonia radix suppressed prostaglandin $E_2$ synthesis and nitric oxide production by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse BV2 microglial cells. These results demonstrate that Paeonia radix exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects probably by suppressing mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthesis. The present study demonstrates that Paeonia radix may offer a valuable mean of therapy for brain inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2023

Today, environmental pollution has been found to be one of the causes of various diseases, including brain and nervous system diseases. In particular, neurodegenerative diseases have been found to be caused by hyperactivation of immune system cells such as microglia. Preventive and therapeutic measures are needed to suppress them. Hirudo is known as a traditional herbal medicine, based on its multiple biological activities such as anti-eczema and anti-coagulation. In the present study, the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of hirudo extract was investigated in lipopolysccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and in mice. Hirudo extract significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine (IL-1Ra, KC, MCP-5, and RANTES) expression in a dose-dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity. Pretreatment with hirudo extract suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Moreover, hirudo extract reduced LPS-stimulated microglial acitivation and improved memory impairments. The results demonstrated that hirudo extract exerts anti-neuroinflammation activities, partly through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that hirudo extract might have therapeutic potential with respect to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.2 s.33
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• pp.116-131
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• 2007

황기건중탕은 보비익기(補裨益氣) 및 거습열(祛濕熱)하는 효능(效能)으로 신체(身體)의 허약(虛弱)을 개선하며 염증(炎症)을 유발할 수 있는 외사(外邪)의 침입을 방어하여 인체의 면역기능(免疫機能)을 강화하는 처방으로 면역관련 세포중 하나인 microglial cell를 대상으로 면역세포에 황기건중탕이 어떠한 효능을 발휘하는 지를 살펴보았다. 물로 전탕(煎湯)한 황기건중탕을 여과한 후 실험한 결과 BV2 microglial cells에서 LPS로 자극하여 염증을 유발하는 주요 물질인 NO의 분비를 세포독성 없이 억제하였다. 또한NO를 생성하는 효소인 Cox-2의 발현도 감소시켰다. 그리고 기타 염증전구 물질들이 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-12도 황기건중탕의 용량이 증가함에 따라 의존적으로 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 보아 황기건중탕은 면역관련세포인 microglial cell에서 염증 관련 인자들의 분비 및 생성을 억제를 통하여 면역관련 상태를 개선시키는 것으로 사료된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.431-437
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• 2011

Aberrant activation of microglia has been reported to cause neuronal damages by releasing a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Besides where microglia become active, damages have been also observed in remote places, which is considered due to the migration of activated microglia. Therefore, an agent that could suppress abnormal activation of microglia and their subsequent migration might be valuable in activated microglia-related brain pathologies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of betulinic acid on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Pretreatment of betulinic acid significantly attenuated LPS-induced NO production and protein expression of iNOS. Betulinic acid also significantly suppressed LPS-induced release and expression of cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$. Furthermore, betulinic acid significantly uppressed LPS-induced MMP-9 expression, which has been suggested to play an important role in the migration of activated microglia. In order to understand the possible mechanism by which betulinic acid suppresses LPS-induced cytokine production and migration of microglia, the role of NF-kB, a major pro-inflammatory transcription factor, was examined. Betulinic acid significantly suppressed LPS-induced degradation of IKB, which retains NF-kB in the cytoplasm. Therefore, nuclear translocation of NF-kB upon LPS stimulation was significantly suppressed with betulinic acid. Taken together, the present study for the first time demonstrates that betulinic acid possesses anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of nuclear translocation of NF-kB in BV2 microglial cells.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.411-415
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• 2017

To evaluate the protective effects of Plantago Major extract (PME) in stimulated BV-2 microglial cells and its anti-oxidant properties, cell viability assessment was performed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to activate BV-2 microglia. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured using Griess assay. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) production was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antioxidant properties were evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. LPS-activated excessive release of NO in BV-2 cells was significantly inhibited by PME (P < 0.001 at $100{\mu}g/mL$). PME also scavenged DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05 at $10{\mu}g/mL$ and P < 0.001 at $20{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$). These results indicate that PME attenuated neuroinflammatory responses in LPS-activated BV-2 microglia by inhibiting excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO and TNF-${\alpha}$. The anti-neuroinflammatory potential of PME may be related to its strong antioxidant properties.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2018

In this study, antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory of ethanol extracts from walnuts's (Juglans regia L.) shell were investigated in vitro. Radical-scavenging activities of the walnuts's shell ethanol extracts (WSE) were examined by using ABTS radicals and ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals assay. In the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity, $RC_{50}$ of WSE were measured as 15.74 and $40.13{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Also, to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of WSE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. The production of proinflammatory cytokines NO were examined by LPS in BV-2 cell. BV-2 cells activated with LPS were treated with various doses (10, 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/mL$) of WSE. Supernatants were analyzed for the production of NO using Griess reagent. WSE up to $10{\mu}g/mL$ still required to inhibit NO induced by LPS. These results showed that walnuts's (Juglans regia L.) shell can be used as an easily accessible source of natural anti-neuroinflammatory and natural antioxidants.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 2019

The purification of the MeOH extract from Impatiens basamina by repeated column chromatography led to the isolation of one new tetrahydronaphthalene (1), together with eleven known compounds (2 - 12). The structure of the new compound (1) was determined by spectral data analysis ($^1H$ and $^{13}C$-NMR, $^1H-^1H$ COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and HR-ESI-MS). Isolated compounds (1 - 12) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-activated murine microglial BV-2 cells and their effects on NGF secretion from C6 glioma cells. Compounds 3, 7, and 10 reduced NO levels in LPS-activated murine microglial cells with $IC_{50}$ values of 26.89, 25.59, and $44.21{\mu}M$, respectively. Compounds 1, 5, and 9 upregulated NGF secretion to $153.09{\pm}4.66$, $156.88{\pm}8.86$, and $157.34{\pm}3.30%$, respectively.