• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to optimize the powder formulation and manufacturing conditions for the solidification of an extract of the herb Bangpungtongseong-san (BPTS). To develop BPTS-loaded particles for the tablet dosage form, various BPTS-loaded particles composed of BPTS, dextrin, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), silicon dioxide, ethanol, and water are prepared using spray-drying and high shear granulation (high-speed mixing). Their physical properties are evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and measurements of the angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr's index, hardness, and disintegration time. The optimal BPTS-loaded particles exhibit improved flowability and compressibility. In particular, the BPTS-loaded particles containing silicon dioxide show significantly improved flowability and compressibility (the angle of repose, Hausner ratio, and Carr's index are 35.27 ± 0.58°, 1.18 ± 0.06, and 15.67 ± 1.68%, respectively), hardness (18.97 ± 1.00 KP), and disintegration time (17.60 ± 1.50 min) compared to those without silicon dioxide. Therefore, this study suggests that particles prepared by high-speed mixing can be used to greatly improve the flowability and compressibility of BPTS using MCC and silicon dioxide.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.140-150
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• 1985

The influences of three binders, hydroxypropyl cellulose(HPC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), on the transmittance of compression pressure from upper punch to lower punch and the disintegration of aspirin tablets prepared by direct compression were studied. The optimum concentration of three binders for the disintegration of aspirin tablets was about 20w/w% and several physical properties of the powder and tablets were also investigated. The tablet machine was specially made for the measurement of compression pressure of the tablets.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2009

As a part of utilizing the nanocellulose (NC) from lignocellulosic components of wood biomass, this paper reports preliminary results on the products of sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology of both NC and micro-sized cellulose fiber (MCF) isolated by acid hydrolysis from commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Field emission.scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to observe the acid hydrolysis suspension, NC, and MCF. The electron microscopy observations showed that the acid hydrolysis suspension, before separation into NC and MCF by centrifugation, was composed of nano-sized NCs and micro-sized MCFs. The morphology of isolated NCs was a whisker form of rod-like NCs. Measurements of individual NCs using TEM indicated dimensions of 6.96$\pm$0.87 nm wide by 178$\pm$55 nm long. Observations of the MCFs showed that most of the MCC particles had de-fibered into relatively long fibers with a diameter of 3-9 ${\mu}m$, depending on the degree of acid hydrolysis. These results suggest that proper technologies are required to effectively realize the potentials of both NCs and MCFs.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

The object of this study was to determine the surface energy of hydrophobically modified micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) with AKD and evaluate the effect of surface energy of the solid particles dispersed in aqueous medium on flotation efficiency. Especially to eliminate the complication derives from the diverse parameters of solid particles including particle size, type, etc. MCC's modified with AKD have been used. The surface energy Parameters were calculated from advancing contact angles of apolar and polar liquids on MCC pellets using the Lifshitz-van der Waals acid-base (LW:AB) approach. Total surface energy of hydrophobic MCC ranged from 46.19 mN/m to 48.60 mN/m. The contribution of the acid-base components to the total surface energy ranged form 13% to 17% for hydrophobic MCC's. The effect of surface characteristics on the flotation efficiency was evaluated. It was shown that there exist critical values of surface energies to increase flotation efficiency. Total surface energy and polar component of solid particles should be lower than 47 mN/m and 7 mN/m, respectively, for effective removal in the flotation process.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.613-627
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• 2015

Simple methods of conductometric titration and infrared spectroscopy were used to quantify the surface carboxyl content of cellulose fibrils isolated by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation. The effects of different cellulose sources, post or assisted-sonication oxidation treatment, and the amount of sodium hypochlorite addition on the carboxyl content of cellulose were reported. This study showed that post sonication treatment had no influence on the improvement of surface carboxyl charge of cellulose macrofibrils (CMFs). However, the carboxyl content increased for the isolated cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Thus the carboxyl content of CNFs is different from those of their corresponding bulk oxidized cellulose and CMFs. Filter paper as a CNF source imparted a higher surface charge than did hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HWBKP) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). It was considered that the crystallinity and microstructure of the initial cellulose affected oxidation efficiency. In addition, the carboxyl content of cellulose was successfully controlled by applying sonication treatment during the oxidation reaction and adjusting the amount of sodium hypochlorite.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.21-21
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• 2001

자원재활용과 원가절감를 위해 고지재활용율이 크게 상승하고 있으며, 이와 아울러 고 지원료로부터 고품질의 제품을 생산할 수 있는 기술에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있는 실 정이다. 저급 고지로부터 고품질의 탈묵펄프를 얻기 위해서는 고지재활용공정의 핵심 공정인 부유부상 공정의 효율화가 가장 중요하다고 믿어진다. 이를 위해서는 부유부상 공정에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 고형입자의 표면 화학적 특성에 따른 공정의 분리효율 평가와 이에 근거한 공정해석과 개선이 요청된다. 이러한 부유부상 공정을 표면화학적 측면에서 구명하기 위해 마이크로 크리스탈린 셀룰로오스(Microcrystalline cellulose: M MCC)를 모댈 물질로 사용하여 표면화학적 특성은 다르나 입자의 크기와 형태는 동일 한 시료를 준비하였다. 친수성의 표면 특성을 나타내는 MCC의 표면 특성을 바꾸기 위 하여 AKD(alkyl ketene dimer)로 처리비율을 달리하여 솔벤트 사이징 처리를 실시하 였다. 이렇게 준비된 MCC의 표면화학적 특성을 IGC를 이용하여 평가하였다 .. IGC는 G GC를 응용한 표면분석 기술로 고체의 물리화학적 특성과 흡착성을 분석하기 위해서 사용되며 이로부터 흡착제의 표면특성을 평가할 수 있다. 본 실험에서는 AKD로 소수화 정도가 다르도록 소수화시킨 MCC 시료를 이용하여 I IGC 칼럼을 준비하고 n-알칸과 몇가지 극성 용매률 이용하여 이들의 칼럼 내 체류시 간을 측정함으로써 흡착특성을 평가하고 이로부터 흡착현상을 열역학적으로 분석하였다. IGC 분석 시에는 칼럼의 온도를 $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$의 3수준으로 변화시켰다. 측정결 과로부터 MCC 표면의 흡착자유에너지와 엔탈피, 엔트로피의 변화량을 평가하였으며, 또한 MCC 표면의 극성에너지와 산염기적 성질을 평가하였다. 실험결과 MCC의 소수화도에 따른 열역학적 흡착현상의 차이가 명백하였다. 이는 소 수화 수준에 따라 소수성 및 친수성 물질의 흡착성이 변화된다는 것을 보여준다. 따라서 탈묵 시 진행되는 기포에의 부착현상을 평가할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다 고 사료되었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2010

This study investigated basic material properties and compressibility of commonly used pharmaceutical excipients. Five classes of excipients are selected including starch, lactose, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and povidone. The compressibility was evaluated using compression parameters derived from Heckel and Kawakita equation. The Heckel plot for lactose and dicalcium phosphate showed almost linear relationship. However, for MCC and povidone, curves in the initial phase of compression were observed followed by linear regions. The initial curve was considered as particle rearrangement and fragmentation and then plastic deformation at the later stages of the compression cycle. The Kawakita equation showed MCC exhibited higher compressibility, followed by povidone, lactose, and calcium phosphate. MCC undergoes significant plastic deformation during compression bringing an extremely large surface area into close contact and facilitating hydrogen bond formation between the plastically deformed, adjacent cellulose particles. Lactose compacts are consolidated by both plastic deformation and fragmentation, but to a larger extent by fragmentation. Calcium phosphate has poor binding properties because of its brittle nature. When formulating tablets, selection of suitable pharmaceutical excipients is very important and they need to have good compression properties with decent powder flowability. Material properties tested in this study might give a good guide how to select excipients for tablet formulations and help the formulation scientists design the optimum ones.

• 약학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of surfactant on the dissolution of relatively hydrophilic drugs, such as sulfanilamide (SF) and sulfacetamide (SFA) granules prepared by wet granulation. The additive incorporated in the granules is starch or microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) as an excipient, PVP as a binder, and polysorbate 80 (P-80) as a surfactant. The dissolution characteristics of SF and SFA granules in distilled water were as follows: The values of T$_{75%}$ were 4.60 and 2.50min, respectively for SF and SFA granules. Incorporation of 0.1% P-80 in SF granule ratarded the dissolution of SF as compared with control, but addition of 0.1% P-80 to SFA granule improved the dissolution of SFA in comparison with control. In SF and SFA granules formulated with either starch or PVP, the release of the drug was increased as compared with control. In SF granule, the dissolution of the drug was further reduced by the inclusion of P-80 in the granule containing starch or PVP. Incorporation of P-80 in SFA granule with starch or PVP affected little on the dissolution of the drug. Addition of a nonswelling excipient, MCC decreased the dissolution rate of SF and SFA granules. as compared with each control. The presence of P-80 in these granules made the dissolution rate slower in comparison with the granules containing only MCC.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2007

A rapidly disintegration famotidine tablet formulation in the oral cavity was developed using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC), or additionally cropovidone as an internal disintegrant. Effects of disintegrants on the disintegration time in vitro and hardness were evaluated. Average wetting time of the tablets prepared in scale-up manufacturing process was less than 15 sec. Among the formulations tested, the tablet prepared with crospovidone as an internal disintegrant and Emcocel $90M^{(R)}$ as an external disintegrant showed fastest disintegration. These results may suggest that crospovidone and Emcocel $90M^{(R)}$ possessed excellent wetting nature, which result in the rapid disintegration of tablet.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.41-41
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• 2000

부유부상 공정은 현재 신문고지와 사무용 고지의 탈묵을 통한 신문용지 및 화장지 제조 에 널리 사용되고 있는 고지재활용을 위한 핵심공정이다. 하지만 이들 공정은 갈수록 열악 해지는 국내 고지원료의 품질변화에 따라서 잉크 및 토너의 분리효율이 저하되고 있어 생산 되는 탈묵 펄프의 품질저하, 리젝트 발생량의 증대, 폐수 처리공정의 부하 증가 등 다양한 문제점을 발생시키고 있어 이에 대한 대책의 수립이 시급히 요청되고 있다. 현재와 같이 다양한 형태의 잉크 및 인쇄방식으로 인쇄된 많은 종류의 재활용지가 원료 로 투입되고 있는 경우 탈묵공정의 효율 향상을 위해서는 부유부상 공정에 대한 좀 더 체계 적이고 논리적인 접근이 필요하다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 먼저 고지 재활용 공정 의 핵심 단위공정인 부유부상 공정에 관련된 복잡한 문제점을 단순화하여 고상 및 액상의 표면화학적 특성을 평가하고, 이에 따른 부유부상 공정의 효율을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 부유부상 공정을 기초과학적 측면에서 구명하기 위해 마이크로 크리스탈린 셀룰로오스(Microcrystalline cellulose: MCC)를 모델 물질로 사용하였고, 친수성 의 표면 특 성을 나타내는 MCC의 표면 특성을 바꾸기 위하여 AKD(alkyl ketene dimer)로 처리비율을 달리하여 사이징 처리하였다. 부유부상 실험에 사용된 MCC는 친수성을 띠는 것과 소수성 을 부여한 것을 구별하고 그 비율을 백색도를 통해 측정하기 위하여 자체적으로 친수성을 가지는 MCC는 세척 견뢰도가 높은 검은색 염료로 염색하였다. 준비된 친수성과 소수성 M MCC의 혼합비율 별로 패드를 작성하여 백색도를 측정함으로써 검량선을 작성하였다. 또한 부유부상 시간에 따른 제거효율을 알아보기 위하여 부유부상 시간별로 각각의 리젝트율과 수율올 측정하고, 리젝트 시료로부터 패드를 제조하여 백색도를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 소수성 MCC의 소수화 정도에 따라서 리젝트율이 증가하였으며, 이를 통해 표 면에 소수성을 띠는 입자는 소수성이 강할수록 부유부상공정에서 제거율이 증가한다는 것을 확인하였다. 부유부상 처리한 MCC로 패드를 제조한 뒤 백색도를 비교한 결과에서도 이를 확인하였다. 한편 리젝트로 함께 제거된 MCC 내에 존재하는 친수성 MCC의 양은 극히 미 세하였다. 또한 부유부상를 실시하는 초기에 상당량의 리젝트가 발생함을 확인하였는데, 이 는 전체 부유부상을 통해 제거되는 양의 45-68%였다. 한편 부유부상이 진행됨에 따라서 리젝트 양의 증가폭이 둔화되는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 경향은 MCC의 소수성이 강할 수록 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 이를 통해 계 내로부터 소수성인 물질이 급속하게 제거됨을 알 수 있었으며 필요 이상의 부유부상 처리는 잉크제거 효율을 높일 수는 있으나 소모되는 시간에 비하여 비효과적임을 알 수 있었다.