• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.91-95
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 동결건조된 김치를 시료로 선정하여 동결건조 시간이 건조된 김치제품의 미생물학적인 특성, 관능적 특성 및 다른 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 "건조김치"의 제조에 적합한 동결건조 시간을 알아내는 것이다. 김치를 24, 48, 72시간 동결건조한 후, 건조제품의 젖산균수, pH, 관능적 특성, 파쇄도, 복원성 및 수분함량, 배추조직의 미세구조를 관찰하여 동결건조 시간이 건조김치의 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 원시료에 비하여 24시간 건조시킨 제품의 생균수 및 pH가 현저하게 변화하였으나, 그 후에는 72시간까지 거의 변화가 없었다. 24시간 건조김치보다 48시간 또는 72시간 건조김치의 전반적인 기호성이 우수하였다. 동결 건조 시간이 24시간에서 48시간, 72시간으로 증가할수록 건조김치의 파쇄성은 증가하였다. 동결건조 시간이 경과할수록 건조김치의 복원성이 개선되고, 건조김치의 중량과 함유된 수분함량은 감소하였다. 본 실험의 조건하에서는 건조김치의 제조에 적합한 동결건조 시간은 미생물학적인 측면에서 보면 24시간도 큰 문제는 없으나, 관능적 특성과 건조제품의 품질특성의 측면에서 판단하면 48시간이 보다 바람직하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 1995

This study researched microbial change of quality according to the various phases of product flow of cooked pea and rice, cold cucumber and seaweed soup, soybean sprouts japchae feeding urban type of a commissary school and a satellite school in Daejeon area, also it suggested the possibility that the central commissary foodservice system can be established and utilized more developmental to identify its food of variation of temperature and state of safety unitl 3 hours after cooking for the case of delay of distribution and holding because of the satellite school of geographical location and traffic problem. The critical Control Points identified for each category of menu items were: Boiled pea and rice: inadequate distribution, holding and storing before assembly; Cold cucumber and seaweed soup: pre-preparation and post-preparation after cooking; Soybean sprouts japchae: Pre-preparation, post-preparation and storing. As the result of observation of the variation of temperature and microbial safety according to the delay of distribution and holding for each food, all of them were relatively safe until 3 hours after cooking, but cold cucumber and seaweed soup being stored for 3 hours, the value of E. coli is $10^3$ CFU/g. The variation of temperature was more extreme in soybean sprouts japchae than cooked pea and rice and cold cucumber and seaweed soup. It was proved that the stainless container was excellent and that adequate holding container should be used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2009

To develop a safer yogurt for immuno-compromised or allergy patients and to extend shelf-life, a plain yogurt was irradiated with doses of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 kGy using a gamma ray and the chemical and microbiological quality and allergenicity change were investigated. There was no difference in the content of protein, total solid, and amino acids of the plain yogurt by irradiation treatment and different storage temperatures (4, 20, and $35^{\circ}C$). The lactic acid bacterial counts of irradiated plain yogurt had approximately 3-decimal reduction at 3 kGy, and no viable cell at 10 kGy regardless of storage time and temperature. The binding ability of rabbit antiserum to milk proteins in irradiated plain yogurt showed that 10 kGy of irradiation produced significantly higher binding ability than other treatments. Sensory evaluation indicated that only appearance of the plain yogurt irradiated at 3 kGy or higher had a lower value than the non-irradiated control when stored at $20^{\circ}C$. Results suggest that irradiation of plain yogurt does not significantly affect the chemical and sensory quality of plain yogurt, but can extend the shelf-life, possibly reduce allergenicity, and provide a safer product.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.263-263
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• 1996

Infection of fish cells with IHNV resulted in gradual increase in cytosolic free $Ca^{2+}$ concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in CHSE, gradual decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in FHM, and no significant change in RTG cells. The degree of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase or decrease was dependent on the amount of infectious virus, and these $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ variations were maximal at 16 hours after virus infection (p. i.) in both cell lines. When the fish cells were infected with inactivated IHNV, evident variation in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was not observed. Thus, infectivity of IHNV appears to correlate with changes in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in virus-infected cells. These IHNV-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ changes were partially blocked by cycloheximide, but not affected by cordycepin. It seems to be that virus-induced $Ca^{2+}$ variations were more related with protein synthesis than RNA synthesis. Various $Ca^{2+}$ related drugs were used in search for the mechanisms of the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, changes following IHNV infection of CHSE cells. Decreasing extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration or blocking $Ca^{2+}$ influx from extracellular media inhibited the IHNV-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, in CHSE cells. Similar results were obtained with intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ blockers. Thus it is suggested that both the extracellular and the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ sources are important in IHNV-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in CHSE cells.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2002

봄철 cyanobarteria가 우점하는 천호지에서 fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) 방법을 이용하여 세균군집구조를 조사하였다. 조사기간동안 총세균수는 0.6～$1.3{\times}10^7 \cells{\cdot}ml^-1$ 의 범위로 매우 높게 나타났다. 또, 총세균수에 대한 eubacterial group이 차지하는 비율의 경우 29.8～45.8%로 작은 분포를 차지하였다. 세균군집구조를 분석한 결과, $\alpha$-group은 1.4～l2.5%, $\beta$-group은 0.9～4.9%, $\gamma$-group은 0.6～8.3%, $\circledcirc$Cytophaga-Flavobacteruim group은 1.0～8.3%를 나타내어 본 연구에서 조사된 각 group이 차지하는 비율은 낮고 상대적으로 unknown eubacteria의 비율이 높았다. 이러한 군집구조는 일반적으로 다른 담수호에서 나타나는 세균의 군집구조와는 다른 군집구조 이며 특히, aggregates에 부착한 세균 군집구조와 비슷한 양상이었다. 또, cyanobacteria의 조성 이 Anabaena속에서 Microcystis속으로 천이가 일어난 시기에 Cytophaga-Flavobacteruim group이 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타나 세균군집의 크기는 식물플랑크톤의 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2010

여름과 가을의 논과 밭 토양의 토양성분과 메탄 생성, 메탄 생성세균의 분포, 그리고 메탄생성세균의 군집구조를 조사하였다. 토양성분을 분석한 결과, 전체적으로 계절에 따라 큰 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 메탄생성세균의 분포조사에서 밭 토양보다 유기농법과 무농약농법을 사용하는 논 토양에 메탄생성세균이 더 많이 존재하였고, 수소와 포름산을 이용하는 메탄생성세균에 비해 아세트산을 이용하는 메탄생성세균 수는 상대적으로 적은 것으로 확인되었다. 메탄생성 실험에서 아세트산을 첨가한 경우 배양 2주까지 메탄생성이 증가되었고, 포름산과 수소를 첨가한 경우 배양 7주까지 메탄생성 양이 증가되었다. mcrA 유전자를 이용한 계통학적 분석에서 논에는 다양한 메탄 생성세균의 cluster가 분포하는 반면, 밭에는 일부 cluster에 집중되어 분포함을 확인하였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.13.1-13.7
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• 2017

In order to evaluate the maximal storable period of the raw crab for a non-thermal muscle separation, the quality changes of the leg meat of red snow crab (Chionoecetes japonicus) during freeze storage were investigated. Fresh red snow crabs were stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 7 weeks, and the leg muscle was separated by a no heating separation (NHS) method every week. During the storage, considerable loss of the leg muscle did not occur and microbiological risk was very low. In contrast, discoloration appeared at 2-week storage on around carapace and the leg muscle turned yellow at storage 3-week. In physiochemical parameters, protein and free amino acids gradually decreased with storage time, expected that proteolytic enzymes still activated at $-20^{\circ}C$. At 4-week storage, the sensory acceptance dropped down below point 4 as low as inedible and notable inflection points in pH and acidity were observed. The volatile base nitrogen was low, though a little increase was recorded. These results suggested that the maximal storable period at $-20^{\circ}C$ of the raw material was within 2 weeks and it was depended on external factor such as the discoloration. The present study might be referred as basic data for approaches to solve quality loss occurred in non-thermal muscle separation.

• 생약학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

To evaluate hepatoprotective effects of G009, an hepatoprotective agent which was extracted from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009, we were, studied using $CCl_4$-and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The ratio of liver weight to body weight, the value of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities, the change of a lipids in serum, and the inhibitory activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in serum and liver homogenate were determined in rats. G009 was not significantly changed of the ratio of liver weight to body weight and the content of lipids in serum, but reduced the serum GOT and GPT values in $CCl_4$-and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Especially, protective effect of G009 on rat hepatic injuries induced by galactosamine was significantly appeared. $CCl_4$ increased markedly the formation of lipid peroxides in the liver homogenate, and serum. The increase of lipid peroxides by $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity was markedly reduced by the treatment with G009. These results suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of G009 may be correlated with its anti-lipid peroxidative activity, therefore, it may be potential agent for hepatic disease.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.677-683
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• 2016

To enhance the physiological activities and reduce the off-flavor of garlic in kimchi, we manufactured kimchi seasoning replaced with 25~75% black garlic, we evaluated microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory evaluation. The changes of total aerobic and lactic acid bacteria were similar between the control and the kimchi seasoning replaced with black garlic during storage periods. The lightness of the kimchi seasoning replaced with black garlic was lower than that of the control and decrease of lightness was proportional to the concentration of black garlic. The redness and yellowness of the kimchi seasoning replaced with black garlic were decreased to the concentration of added black garlic and changes of the redness in all the samples were slightly increased during storage periods. But the yellowness did not change during storage periods. The changes of pH and acidity did not differ between the control and the samples of replaced with black garlic during storage periods. The sensory parameters including taste and flavor did not differ among treatments during storage periods. But color and overall acceptance of the control and sample replaced with 25% black garlic were higher than those of the samples replaced with 50 and 75% black garlic.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.536-541
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• 2013

Background Pathogens in the nasal cavity during nasal surgery could lead to a systemic infectious condition, such as bacteremia, nosocomial infection, or toxic shock syndrome. However, there is no research about the prevalence of nasal carriage in patients with nasal bone fracture. Methods This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized study about the rate of nasal carriage in 200 patients with nasal bone fracture in Korea. Nasal secretions were taken from both the middle nasal meatus and colonized. All analyses were carried out using SPSS software. Results Pathogens were identified in 178 of the 200 cases. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most cultured bacteria in 127 (66.84%) of the 190 total patients after excluding 10 cases of contaminated samples, and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) were found in 48 (25.26%). Staphylococcus aureus was the second most identified pathogen, found in 36 (18.95%), followed by 7 cases (3.68%) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The prevalence rate of MRSA in the females was higher than that in the males (RR=4.70; 95% CI, 1.09-20.18), but other demographic factors had no effect on the prevalence rate of MRSA and MRCNS. Conclusions The prevalence rate of these pathogens in patients with nasal bone fracture in Korea was similar to other reports. However, few studies have addressed the prevalence rate of CNS and MRCNS in accordance with risk factors or the change in prevalence according to specific prophylaxis against infectious complications. Additional research is needed on the potential connections between clinical factors and microbiological data.