• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2006

About 99% of microorganisms in the environment are unculturable. However, advances in molecular biology techniques allow for the analysis of living microorganisms in the environment without any cultivation. With the advent of new technologies and the optimization of previous methods, various approaches to studying the analysis of living microorganisms in the environment are expanding the field of microbiology and molecular biology. In particular, real-time PCR provides methods for detecting and quantifying microorganisms in the environment. Through the use of the methods, researchers can study the influence of environmental factors such as nutrients, oxygen status, pH, pollutants, agro-chemicals, moisture and temperature on the performances of environmental processes and some of the mechanisms involved in the responses of cells to their environment. This review will also address information gaps in the analysis of the microorganisms using real-time PCR in the environmental process and possible future research to develop an understanding of microbial activities in the environment.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.749-760
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of non-heat-processed foods and the effects of HACCP implementation. Here, cabbage salad and cucumber&onion salad were selected and we investigated HA(Hazard Analysis) by checking microbiological quality, time and temperature, pH, and water activity at each processing stage. Thus, the receiving of spices and dressings, washing and sterilizing, cutting, cooking, and serving stages were all considered CCPs. Before implementing HACCP, microbial analysis showed that standard plate counts and coliform counts were higher than standard levels in most of the raw ingredients of each menu, as well as during the production process. The microbiological quality of the utensils and employee's hands used during cooking indicated levels requiring direct management. Evaluations of falling bacteria-in the foodservice establishment work areas ranged from $2{\sim}12CFU/plate$. However, after HACCP implementation, microbiological levels improved to standard levels fly sanitation education. Also, the number of falling bacteria were lower than before implementing HACCP. Therefore, it is essential the foodservice operations make efforts to implement HACCP, so that microbiological hazard levels are lowered and hygienic status improved.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.244-254
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• 2010

The trend toward intensification of livestock raising, confinement in barn has increased in recent days. The move toward concentrated animal feeding operations reduces per unit costs and permits farmers to better earnings in spite of fluctuation in hog prices. However, this also results in outbreaks of a lot of animal wastes and odorous compounds. Emissions of these malodorous compounds produced from concentrated animal feeding operations have become a concern for both public and regulatory agencies and are causing the complaints of residents in rural area. For competitive sustainable swine production industry, odor management plans systematically identify potential odor sources, determine control strategies to reduce these odors, and establish criteria for implementing these strategies. Since, the malodor originates from microbial activities involving a variety of microbes, understanding the characteristics of the microflora present in swine manure is essential for developing effective odor control techniques. This paper reviews the available information in the literature related to the types of bacteria in swine manure, the potential odorous compounds associated with different bacterial genera, and the corresponding techniques used to control odor based on microbiological principles.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2011

Effective Microorganisms (EM), a fermented medium developed by Professor Higa at the University of the Ryukyus, is a mixed culture containing dozens of microorganisms which are beneficial to nature including people, animals, plants and many microbial species in environment. EM is known to contain more than 80 kinds of anaerobic or aerobic microbes including photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, fungi and so on, with yeast, lactic acid bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria as the main species of EM. Antioxidant effect generated by the concert of complex coexistence and coprosperity among these microbes is considered to be the main source of EM benefits. Currently, EM is earning an increasing attention with applications in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, environment and medicine among others. At the same time, however, a quantitative interpretation of EM system based on a mixed culture model needs efforts from biochemical engineers for efficient production and further promotion of EM. In this paper, we describe the functions of major microbes in EM and current researches and applications of EM in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, environment and medicine.

• 셀메드
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.2.1-2.4
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• 2019

With the improvement of economic status and the desire for beauty, the interest in health and skin care is increasing. For these demands, since ages medicinal plants are in vogue. A variety of plants, cosmetics and foods with novel bioactive ingredients for skin care and beauty are under constant research and development. Skin is influenced by various factors such as Ultra-violet rays, stress, hormones and aging which together lead skin to lose elasticity, changes in pigmentation and wrinkle formation. Many medicinal plants have proven effects in skin care and beauty treatment. From this list of medicinal plants, one which is famous for its beauty, flavor and fragrance is Rosa damascene. Rosa damascene has many therapeutic action and postulated pharmacological studies such as anti-arthritic, anti-microbial, cardio protective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, immune-modulator, gastro-protective, and skin ameliorative effect. Research in the field of Cosmetology has proven the effect of Rosa damascene in rehydrating skin, reducing scars and stretches, acne management, lowering skin pigmentation, delaying wrinkling and is recommended as a skin vitalizing agent. In this review, the morphology, chemical constituents, and some pharmacological activity are discussed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.14
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• 2019

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subset of cells with different functional characteristics compared to classical dendritic cells. The pDCs are critical for the production of type I IFN in response to microbial and self-nucleic acids. They have an important role for host defense against viral pathogen infections. In addition, pDCs have been well studied as a critical player for breaking tolerance to self-nucleic acids that induce autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus. However, pDCs have an immunoregulatory role in inducing the immune tolerance by generating Tregs and various regulatory mechanisms in mucosal tissues. Here, we summarize the recent studies of pDCs that focused on the functional characteristics of gut pDCs, including interactions with other immune cells in the gut. Furthermore, the dynamic role of gut pDCs will be investigated with respect to disease status including gut infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제68권3호
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• pp.146-154
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• 2010

Background: The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has become a serious worldwide problem. However, there is insufficient data regarding the current status of MDR-TB and XDR-TB in Korea. This study examined the recent status of MDR- and XDR-TB using the data from 7 laboratories, in which almost all drug susceptibility tests (DST) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were performed. Methods: The patients' identification data and DST results were collected from all 7 laboratories from 2001 to 2006 and the number of patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB were calculated. Results: The number of DSTs was 140,638 for 6 years with an increasing incidence each year (p<0.001). The number of DST with MDR results was 18,510 and personal identifying information was obtained in 16,640 (89.9%) tests. The number of MDR-TB patients from 2001 to 2006 was 2,329, 2,496, 2,374, 2,300, 2,354, and 2,178, respectively, when counting the duplications in a year as one patient. The number of MDR-TB patients when counting the duplications in 6 years as one patient was 2,281, 1,977, 1,620, 1,446, 1,512, and 1,373, respectively. When the same method was adopted, the number of XDR-TB patients was 191, 238, 282, 260, 272, and 264, respectively, and 189, 150, 130, 90, 122, and 110 patients, respectively. Conclusion: Despite the national efforts to control TB, there are still a large number of MDR- and XDR-TB patients in Korea.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

Consumer's preference and microbial inspections on fresh raw beef were carried out to understand the actual market status in Gwanju, Korea. Over 15 questions on questionnaire by 1,111 randomly selected respondents between April and May in 2011, results showed 65.5% positive on eating fresh raw beef, 63.8% negative on good hygiene condition of fresh raw beef, and 72.5% positive on the secure of the hygiene-safety for priority program, respectively. For microbial inspections, a total of 302 samples were collected from fresh raw beef purchased from slaughterhouse (n=122), transport (n=69) and consumer (n=81) stage, from lettuce (n=30) at consumer stage. The aerobic plate count (APC), E. coli count and food borne bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus(S.) aureus and E. coli O157:H7 were tested in the samples. As results, the level of count on APC of fresh raw beef ranged $6{\times}10^1{\sim}1.8{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from slaughterhouse, $2{\times}10^2{\sim}8.3{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from transport stage and $1{\times}10^2{\sim}4{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from consumer stage. The level of count on E. coli of fresh raw beef ranged $1{\sim}9{\times}10^1CFU/g$ from slaughterhouse, $1{\sim}7{\times}10CFU/g$ from transport stage and $1{\sim}5.5{\times}10CFU/g$ from consumer stage. In total, 26 S. aureus were isolated, 10 (14.5%) from fresh raw beef at transport stage, 12 (14.8%) from fresh raw beef and 4 (13.3%) from lettuce at consumer stage. Enterotoxin of S. aureus was not detected among 26 isolates. All S. aureus isolates were typed using a DiversiLab$^{TM}$ rep-PCR system for genetic similarity test, showing over 95% of genetic relationship amon isolates.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.831-838
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 병재배 방식에서 발생되는 톱밥주원료 버섯부산물의 저장성 향상을 목적으로 복합생균제를 버섯부산물(1톤 규모)에 접종하여 현장 혐기발효하였을 때 저장기간에 따른 물리화학적, 발효 및 미생물 성상에 미치는 변화를 추적하고자 하였다. 복합생균제(Enter- obacter ludwigii KU201-3, Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU3, Bacillus subtilis KU201-7, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum)를 버섯 부산물의 1% 수준(원물기준)에서 첨가하여 1일간 퇴적 저장 후 3일, 1주, 2주, 4주 그리고 8주간 혐기발효 시켰다. 버섯부산물은 혐기저장과정에서 CP, NDF, ADF 함량은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), DM과 NFC의 함량은 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 그 변화폭은 적은 편이었다. In situ 건물 및 NDF 반추위 소실율은 버섯부산물의 발효저장 기간이 길어짐에 따라 감소하였다. 발효성상에 있어서 발효 전과 비교해서 발효 후에는 pH가 감소하고, 유산 생성량은 2배 이상 증가하였다. 그러나, 4주경과 시와 비교해서 8주경과 시에는 pH가 다시 증가하였으나, 여전히 양호한 발효상태를 보여주었다. 유산균수는 발효 8주경과 시까지 유의적 차이가 없었고, 총세균수와 효모수는 4주째부터 감소하였다. 8주경과 시의 유산균과 효모수는 모두 108cfu/g 수준이었다. 이러한 결과는 혐기발효와 복합생균제 처리는 버섯부산물의 장기간(8주) 저장에 도움이 되었음을 시사해주고 있다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 2007

건강유해물질인 perchlorate로 인한 음용수의 오염은 국 내외적으로 심각히 대두되고 있으나, 전세계적으로 perchlorate에 대한 국가 차원의 규제 기준을 가진 곳은 아직 없고 발암물질로 구분되지도 않은 상황이다. 최근엔 미국 환경청(US EPA)에서 perchlorate의 예방적 복원 지침서를 발표하였으며, perchlorate 분석 및 저감기술에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 현재 국내에서는 perchlorate에 대한 먹는 물 수질기준이나 배출 허용 기준 등이 설정되어 있지 않고, perchlorate에 관한 국내 연구는 초기 단계에 머무르고 있다. 본 연구에서는 perchlorate의 성상 및 인체 유해성에 관해 간단히 고찰하였고, 기존의 이온교환(Ion exchange), 생물반응기(Bioreactor), 액상 탄소 흡착(Liquid Phase Carbon Adsorption), 퇴비화 처리(Composting), 현장 생물학적 정화(In Situ Bioremediation), 투수성 반응 벽체(Permeable Reactive Barrier), 식물정화법(Phytotechnology), 막분리기술(Membrane Technologies) 등과 같은 저감 기술의 장단점 및 효율에 관해 소개하였다. 최근 활발히 진행되고 있는 투수성 반응 벽체와 생물학적 환원 기술의 통합 등에 대한 연구 및 분석기술 개발에 대해서도 소개하였다. 본 논문을 통해 향후 국내 실정에 맞는 고효율의 perchlorate 국내저감기술 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다.