• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 1993

An antagonistic bacteria was isolated from rhiaosphere of pepper and corn and identified as Bacillus (B.) subtilis. These B. subtilis B-5 was transformed and marked with the plasmid pCPP4 which possess neomycine resistan. gene. The marked stranins showed growth inhibition to Rhizoctonia (R.) solani, Fusarium (F.) solani, and F. oxysporum in vitro, and were used in studying growth promoting effects on sesame and cabbage. All the identified strains utilize glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose, mannitol and sorbitol as carbon source, but not rhamnose, and the marked strains also showed characteristics similar to wild-type strains. Germination rate of chinese cabbage and sesame seeds was increased by about 10% or more in the plot to which these strains were inoculated and the effect was higher in soil than in petri dish. The early growth promoting effects of these strains appeared higher, as compared with control plot, in the plots to which B. subtilis B-5 and pathogenic fungi was inoculated together. When the marked strains, B. subtilis B-5NEOr, were inoculated in the rhizosphere of chinese cabbage and sesame with $1.1{\times}10^8CFU/g$ dry soil, the number of inoculated strain was decreased slowly to the level of $10^5{\sim}10^6CFU/g$ dry soil after 4 weeks and the number of Pseudomonas spp. maintanied the level of $10^5CFU/g$ dry soil throught total period, but the number of fungi was decreased rapidly from the early level of $10^8CFU/g$ dry soil to $10^3CFU/g$ dry soil after 4 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1981

The experiment using Anake broiler strain chicks was conducted to study the effort fungistatic agents on microbial counts, Ins of nutrient, growth rate and feed efficiency of the broiler. Feed was adjusted to 12% and 15% moisture level during hot and high humidity season and sorbic acid at the level of 0.02%, 0.04% and Ca-propionic acid at the level 0.1% 0.2% was added. The results obtained were as follows. 1, The Addition of fungistatic agents could slightly reduce mold and yeast counts. The highest effect on inhibition of mold and yeast counts was observed for the addition of sorbic acid at 0.04% level to the fled contained 15% moisture. 2, Approximately 14% starch loss of ground corn was observed from the fred contained 15% moisture and the loss could be diminished to 3-7% by the addition of fungistatic agents with the superior effect of sorbic acid to Ca-propionic acid. 3. Approximately 15% fat loss was detected when high moisture fled was und and this was reduced to 7% by the addition of 0.04% sorbic acid to the feed. 4. Significantly higher growth rate (p＜0.05) during starter period was observed for low moisture feed added by sorbic acid compared with that for high moisture diet without fungistatic agents or with Ca-propionate at the level of 0.1%. 5. Significantly lower feed efficiency (p＜0.05) during starter period of high moisture feed without fungistatic agents was observed; hower no significant different response was detected by either moisturer level of kinds and levels of fungistatic agents used. 6. Significantly higher growth rate (p＜0.05) during finisher period of lower moisture feed with 0.04% sorbic acid was observed compared with that of high moisture fled without fungistatic agents or the feed added by 0.1% Ca-propionate level. 7. Significantly higher feed efficiency (p＜0.05) during finisher period of low moisture feed added by sorbic acid 0.02% or 0.04% level was found compared with that of high moisture feed without fungistatic agents and low moisture feed added by Ca-propionate at the level of 0.1% or 0.2%. 8. Mort bacteria, mold and yeast were observed in the ceca than in small intestine. The. moisture content of dict had no effect on intestinal microfloral counts. However, numbers of mold and yeast of intestine could slightly be reduced by fungistatic agents administration. 9. Nothing but encephalomalacia to chicks fed feed contained 15% moisture without addition of fungistatic agents was observed. In conclusion, addition of either sorbid acid at 0.04% level and Ca-propionate at 0.2% level to high moisture feed or reduced moisture level to 12% could be con-sidered more effective to enhance growth rate and fled efficiency of broilers during summer period.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.343-348
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• 2008

To investigate the effects of incorporation of green manures (GM) into a sandy loam soil on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of tomato (Lycoperiscon esculentum Mill.) and nutrient balances (input minus offtake of nutrients), five tomato production systems were compared under the condition of plastic film house: 1) a no input system (no additional amendment or inputs, 0-To-0-To); 2) a conventional system (application of N-P-K chemical fertilizers, Cf-To-Cf-To); 3) a leguminous GM-containing system (hairy vetch-tomato-soybean-tomato, Hv-To-Sb-To); 4) a graminaceous GM-containing system (rye-tomato-sudan grass-tomato, Ry-To-Sd-To); and 5) system mixed with leguminous and graminaceous GMs (rye-tomatosoybean- tomato, Ry-To-Sb-To). Here, hairy vetch and rye were cultivated as winter cover crops during late $Dec{\sim}late$ Feb and soybean and sudan grass were cultivated as summer cover crops during late $Jun{\sim}mid$ Aug. All of them cut before tomato planting and then incorporated into soil. Biomass of GMs was greater in summer season than that of winter season. Nitrogen amount fixed by a leguminous plants was about $126\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ per a cropping season, corresponding to 60% N level needed for tomato production, which was comparable to 50 and $96\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ fixed by rye and sudan grass. As a result, tomato yield of Hv-To-Sb-To system (legume GM treatment) was similar to Cf-To-Cf-To (conventional), but that in Ry-To-Sd-To system (graminaceous GM treatment) was not attained to a half level of conventional treatment. Nutrient budgets for N, P and K on the conventional farm were balanced or somewhat positive exception for minus-balanced K. Ry-To-Sd-To system showed a positive N, P and K budgets due to the depressed growth of tomato which is caused by high C/N ratio and low N-fixing capacity of the GMs. Inversely, those of Hv-To-Sb-To system were negative in all of N, P and K budgets because of increased growth and yield of tomato with high nitrogen-supplying capacity as well as low C/N ratio of leguminous GM. In conclusion, although conventional cultivation has an advantage in relation to N, P and K nutrient budgets rather than GM-incorporated systems, a leguminous GMs could be recommended as nitrogen reservoir and soil amendment because the yield of tomato between use of leguminous GM and conventional cultivation was not only significantly difference, but also GMs commonly reduce nutrient loss and improve microbial communities.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high temperature on the viability of probiotic organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mixed with animal feed under controlled conditions by simulating a farm feed bin in the summer. Following inoculation of probiotics into the feed, the pH and probiotic viability were monitored during an 8-day incubation at room temperature. Sterile and non-sterile feeds displayed different patterns of pH changes, with increased pH in non-sterile feed at 2 days, but a pattern of decreasing pH at 4 days. The viabilities of S. cerevisiae and B. subtilis after mono/co-inoculation were maintained without substantial changes during the incubation, whereas L. plantarum viability tended to decline. In both non-sterile and sterile feeds, the probiotics were maintained or grew without any antagonistic effects. Probiotic viability was also tested upon a shift to high temperature ($60^{\circ}C$). There was no distinct change in pH between sterile and non-sterile feeds after the temperature shift. L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae could not survive at the high temperature, whereas B. subtilis displayed normal growth, and it inhibited the growth of contaminant microbes. Fungal growth was not observed in non-sterile feed 2 days after supplementation with B. subtilis. Therefore, heat resistant B. subtilis could be safely used in feed bins to inhibit microbial contamination, even at high temperatures. The prevention of elevated temperature in feed bins is necessary for the utilization of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae during the summer season.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.340-349
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• 2011

This study examined the roles of autolytic enzymes and microorganisms in the ripening process of salted Alaska pollack tripe made with various concentrations of salt i.e, 7.5% and 20% by weight. Salted Alaska pollack tripe treated with antibiotic agents for the inhibition of microbial growth and a control were prepared experimentally, and changes in chemical composition and viable cell counts were investigated, individually, during the ripening process. Just after the preparation of the low salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 7.5% salt, viable bacterial cells occurred at a level of $10^5$ CFU/g. In the control, bacterial counts increased rapidly to $10^7$ CFU/g by the 14th day of ripening. However, in the sample treated with antibiotic agents, counts were decreased to a level of $10^4$ CFU/g by the 3rd day of ripening and increased gradually to $10^6$ CFU/g by the 5th day of ripening, and then the same value was maintained there-after. Just after the preparation of the high salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 20% salt, viable bacterial cells occurred at a level of $10^3$ CFU/g. In both the samples treated with antibiotic agents and the control, bacterial counts decreased rapidly to $10^0$ CFU/g by the 45th day of ripening and increased gradually there-after. The content of amino type nitrogen was 76.3 mg% just after the preparation of the low salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 7.5% salt. Amino type nitrogen content was increased to 283.5 mg% by the 5th day of proper ripening in the control, but it was increased to 208.0 mg% in the sample treated with antibiotic agents. The difference in amino type nitrogen content was 75.5 mg/100 g. The content of amino type nitrogen was 57.2 mg% just after the preparation of the high salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 20% salt. Amino type nitrogen content was increased to 198.3 mg by the 60th day of proper ripening in the control, but it was increased to 162.0 mg% in the sample treated with the antibiotic agents. The difference in amino type nitrogen content was 36.3 mg/100 g. The contents of VBN and TMA-N were 102.1 mg% and 20.5 mg%, respectively, at the 7th day of ripening in the low salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 7.5% salt. The content of VBN was 60.0 mg% and TMA-N was not detected at the 21st day of ripening in the sample treated with antibiotic agents. The control sample was spoiled by the 7th day of ripening but the sample treated with antibiotic agents was not spoiled by the 21st day of ripening. On the other hand, VBN content was 37.2 mg% and TMA-N was not detected at the 90th day of ripening in the high salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 20% salt, and the control sample was not spoiled.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.673-680
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• 2009

This study was conducted to screen for plant food materials that improve human intestinal microflora, especially microorganisms associated with obesity. Among 30 tested plant food materials, the extract of Schizandra chinensis inactivated Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium spp. Additionally, S. chinensis extract was also found to have a growth-promoting effect on Bifidobacterium spp.. The antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of the water extract did not decrease in respond to heating. Additionally, the water extract of S. chinensis did not show a toxic effect on the growth of Caco-2 cells. In vivo feeding tests were performed to investigate the influence of extract on the intestinal microflora in rats. Although the extract did not reduce obesity induced by a high fat diet, it led to significant increase in the population of Bifidobacterium spp. and a decrease in the population of Clostridium spp. in rats. Taken together, these results indicate that S. chinensis could be useful as a functional food component to control intestinal microbial flora.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of humic acid on the germination, the growth and the yield of hot pepper when treated with organic hot pepper seedlings and growing season. The germination rate of 0.05% and 0.1% humic acid was higher than that of untreated, but the germination rates of 0.4% and 1.0% humic acid were 90.0% and 86.7%, respectively, compared with the control treatment (96.7%). At 30 days after transplanting, hot pepper treated with low (0.05%) or high (1.0%) concentration of humic acid decreased the growth of hot pepper seedlings, whereas 0.2% humic acid treatment significantly increased a average height (97.6 cm), leaf number (84.7) and fresh weight ($128.1g\;plant^{-1}$) of hot pepper. After 60 days of treatment with humic acid, the height of hot pepper was significantly longer in 0.2% humic acid. The mean green fruit number of 0.2%, 0.1% and 0.05% humic acid were not significantly different among the treatments, but the mean green pepper number of 0.4% and 1.0% humic acid treatments were the higher with 35.2% and 29.1%, respectively than other treatments. However, the fresh weight of green pepper was found to be $111.5g\;plant^{-1}$ more heavier than the untreated in 0.2% humic acid. The total ($5.8kg\;plant^{-1}$) and average ($1.4kg\;plant^{-1}$) fresh weight of pepper were higher than that of untreated control, except for the 1.0% humic acid treatment after 60 days of soil irrigation. The total weight of hot pepper treated with 0.2% and 0.1% humic acid treatment was $9.3kg\;plant^{-1}$ and $8.6kg\;plant^{-1}$, respectively, which were heavier than the other treatments. The effect of humic acid concentrations on soil microbial populations, pH and EC was investigated. The soil bacterial population density of 0.2% humic acid treatment was 3.5 times higher than that of untreated control soil. As the concentration of humic acid increased from 0.05% to 1.0%, pH and EC of hot pepper grown soil also increased.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to investigate the combination feeding of β-glucan and multi-species probiotics on growth performance, various lipid concentrations of serum, antibody production and cecal microbial profiles in broiler chicks. A total of six hundred 1-d-old male broiler chicks were divided into five groups, placed into four pens per group(30 birds per pen) and fed one of five non-medicated experimental diets(T1, 0.15% multi-species probiotics; T2, 0.1% β-glucan+0.15% multi-species probiotics; T3, 0.3% multi-species probiotics; T4, 0.1% β-glucan+0.3% probiotics or devoid them as control) for 5 wk. There was no significant difference in feed intake among the groups. The average weight gains and FCR in groups fed diet containing 0.3% probiotics were significantly improved(p<0.05) than control in finisher period(22-35d). The concentration of serum cholesterol ester in groups fed 0.3% probiotics were significantly lowered(p<0.05) as compared to that of the control. Relative weights of liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, breast and leg were not influenced by the dietary treatments. The average ND or IB antibody titers in groups fed diets containing β-glucan and probiotics were tended to be increased, but not significantly. The number of cecal lactic acid bacteria was significantly increased(p<0.05) by the dietary β- glucan and probiotics. These results indicated that dietary β-glucan and probiotics exerted a growth- promoting and immune-enhancing effects on broiler chicks. In addition, yeast derived β-glucan, and multi-species probiotics modulated the profiles of cecal microflora, reflecting potential alternative substances to replace antibiotics for feeding broiler.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

This study investigates the changes in inorganic composition and the microbial counts during the process of fermentation of mixed domestic organic resources for the development of alternatives for imported oil cake, and examines the characteristics of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer (MFOF). The effect of the MFOF on the lettuce growth is investigated in order to evaluate the possibility of replacing the existing mixed oil cake with the MFOF. Six kinds of domestic by-product resources, which are rice bran, distiller's dried grains, sesame meal, fish meal, and spent mushroom substrate, are mixed by mixing ratio and the composition was analyzed during the fermentation process for 90 days under moisture content 30% and sealed condition. During the 90 days of fermentation, the pH change of the MFOF was little, and the moisture content was maintained at 34-35% until the 60^th day of fermentation, and then decreased to 30-31% on the 90^th day. Total nitrogen content remained unchanged during the fermentation period, but total carbon content showed a significant difference on the 21^st day of fermentation. It was confirmed that the content of fertilizer composition (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash) of the MFOF was 8.7% or more, which is suitable for the minimum amount standard of the main nutrients to be contained in the organic fertilizer. During the fermentation process of organic fertilizer, the density of bacteria and actinomycetes increased until 60 days and 30 days, respectively, and thereafter little changes were shown, and fungal population showed an increasing trend. As a result of lettuce cultivation test in the greenhouse by applying the MFOF, the growth and yield were comparable to that of using the existing mixed oil cake fertilizer when 100% was applied based on crop standard nitrogen fertilizer level. The use of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer made with domestic by-product resources can be used for use in farms in the future and is expected to contribute to the stable production of environment friendly agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.216-224
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame monoculture and sesame in rotation (SR) with maize. soybean. barley or rye on reduction of injury by continous cropping in sesame. Field studies were conducted for 3-years (1995~1997) at the experimental field of the Crop Experiment Station. Compared to CS (continuous sesame). SR treatments turned out to keep more organic matter and higher exchangeable cation concentrations in soils. BS (barley and sesame in a 1-year rotation) and RS (rye and sesame in a 1-yea r rotation) treatments had significantly greater available $P_2O_5$ contents in soils than CS, MS (maize and sesame in a 3-year rotation) and SbS (soybean a nd sesame in a 3-year rotation). The pH of the soils under different treatments were not significantly different. SR treatments exhibited significantly lower bulk density and higher pore space than CS. Soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN) were determined by the chloroform fumigation-extraction method. SMBC and SMBN were significantly higher in soils under BS and RS than those under CS, but only during the 1 year of monitoring. MS and SbS treatments resulted in higher SMBC and SMBN than CS. The occurrence of injury by disease of sesame is the important primary factor of injury by continous cropping, but the disease occurrence with rotation did not decrease in th is experiment. Under CS treatment, the growth and grain of sesame was significantly lower than those under other treatments. Compared to CS, the increments of grain yield of sesame were 68, 63, 57 and 51% for MS, RS, SbS and BS, respectively in the first harvest. In the second harvest, they were 24% for MS, 28% for RS, 20% for SbS and 19% for BS. The average increase ratios during the two years were 41, 41, 34, and 33% for MS, RS, SbS and BS, respectively.