• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 2007

Objective : In this study, herbal medicine(GJE, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis; HCT, Houttuynia cordata Thunb.; CIL, Chrysanthemum indicum Linne; PMS,Paeonia moutan Sims, P. subfruticosa Makino; APL, Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour) were screened for their inhibitory activities against Tyrosinase and PMA plus A23187-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 productions in HMC-1 cells to reveal their skin -whitening and anti-allergic effect. Method : To investigate Tyrosinase inhibition we treated Mushroom Tyrosinase(Fluka, 93898) $10{\mu}{\ell}$ and 7.5mM Tyrosine (Sigma, T3754) $20{\mu}{\ell}$ with 80% ethanol medicine extracts. Then we observed 96well micro plate extinction at 490nm. In the next experiment, to investigate Anti-allergic effect we blended cultured Human Mast Cells(HMC-1) with medicine extracts. We treated the blended solution with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) and A23187, then observed $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) at 450nm. Results : In inhibiting Tyrosinase the results are as follows. 1. We observed 22% inhibition of Mushroom Tyrosinase at $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration of GJE extracts. 2. We also could observe that the decreased Mushroom Tyrosinase activities in HCT, CIL extracts. In inhibiing $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 productions in HMC-1 cells the results are as follows. 1. Of the extracts examined, HCT, PMS, APL extracts showed over 50% inhibitions of Cytokines at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. 2. In particular, APL extracts showed the best inhibitory effect on Cytokine productions in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion : These results suggest that GJE extracts contributes to the anti melanin activities and represent a potential source of whitening agent. Thus these herbal medicines suggest novel drugs on anti-allergic effects.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.59-90
• /
• 2015

Since 1855, the federal courts of the United States have been empowered to assist in the gathering of evidence for use before foreign tribunals. Today, the source of that authority is 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$ which permits the courts to order a person "to give [ ] testimony... or to produce a document ... for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal${\cdots}$ ." It was generally assumed, until the United States Supreme Court's decision of Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. in 2004, that arbitration tribunals were not "foreign tribunals" for purposes of 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$. While the issue in Intel did not involve an arbitration tribunal, a statement by the Supreme Court in dicta has called into question the exact parameters of the words "foreign tribunal," resulting in a split of opinion among the federal courts of the United States. This article explores the legislative history of 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$, examines the United States Supreme Court decision in Intel, and discusses the split among the courts of the United States regarding the interpretation of "foreign tribunal." The article further surveys emerging issues: is an arbitration tribunal in a case involving foreign parties and seated in the United States a "foreign tribunal"; does agreeing to the use of the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration circumscribe the use of 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$; can a party be ordered to produce documents located outside the United States; and is there a role for judicial estoppel in determining whether an application pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ${\S}1782$ should be granted?

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제29권10호
• /
• pp.665-670
• /
• 2016

Prevailing dissemination of machine tools and cutting technology have caused drastic developments of high speed dry machining with work materials of high hardness, and demands on the high-hardness-materials with high efficiency have become increasingly important in terms of productivity, cost reduction, as well as environment-friendly issue. Addition of Si to TiAlN has been known to form nano-composite coating with higher hardness of over 30 GPa and oxidation temperature over $1,000^{\circ}C$. However, it is not easy to add Si to TiAlN by using conventional PVD technologies. Therefore, Ti-Al-Si-N have been prepared by hybrid process of PVD with multiple target sources or PVD combined with PECVD of Si source gas. In this study, a single composite target of Ti-Al-Si was prepared by powder metallurgy of MA (mechanical alloying) and SPS (spark plasma sintering). Properties of he resulting alloying targets were examined. They revealed a microstructure with micro-sized grain of about $1{\sim}5{\mu}m$, and all the elements were distributed homogeneously in the alloying target. Hardness of the Ti-Al-Si-N target was about 1,127 Hv. Thin films of Ti-Al-Si-N were prepared by unbalanced magnetron sputtering method by using the home-made Ti-Al-Si alloying target. Composition of the resulting thin film of Ti-Al-Si-N was almost the same with that of the target. The thin film of Ti-Al-Si-N showed a hardness of 35 GPa and friction coefficient of 0.66.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.61-80
• /
• 2013

Quantification of viable forms of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) using culture-dependent methods was done in order to characterize the indoor air quality (IAQ). Role of those factors, which may influence the concentration of viable counts of bacteria and fungi, like ventilation, occupancy, outdoor concentration and environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were also determined. Volumetric-infiltration sampling technique was employed to collect air samples both inside and outside the schools. As regard of measurements of airborne viable culturable microflora of schools during one academic year, the level of TVMCs in school buildings was ranged between 803-5368 cfu/$m^3$. Viable counts of bacteria (VBCs) were constituted 63.7% of the mean total viable microbial counts where as viable counts of fungi (VFCs) formed 36.3% of the total. Mean a total viable microbial count (TVMCs) in three schools was 2491 cfu/$m^3$. Outdoor level of TVMCs was varied from 736-5855 cfu/$m^3$. Maximum and minimum VBCs were 3678-286 cfu/m3 respectively. Culturable fungal counts were ranged from 268-2089 cfu/$m^3$ in three schools. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was indicated that indoor concentration of viable community reliant upon outdoor concentration. Temperature seemed to have a large effect (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) on the concentration of viable culturable microbial community rather than relative humidity. Consistent with the analysis and findings, the concentration of viable cultural counts of bacteria and fungi found indoors, were of several orders of magnitude, depending upon the potential of local, spatial and temporal factors, IO ratio appeared as a crucial indicator to identify the source of microbial contaminants.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.170-179
• /
• 1978

By the successive enrichment culture, more than 250 methanol-utilizing bacteria were isolated from various samples such as soil, waste water and sewage. Two strains of which were selected and tentatively identified as Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. experiments were carried out to determine the growth conditions for the higher biomass yield and to demonstrate the difference to protein composition dependent upon carbon sources of these two species. the results were as follows ; 1. the optimum pH was determined as 8 in the both species. The optimum temperature in Acinetobacter sp. was $25^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and pseudomonas sp. was $30^{\circ}C-35^{\circ}C$. The optimum initial concentration of mthanol was determined as 1-2% in Acinetobacter sp. and 2-3% in pseudomonas sp. 2. The optimum concnetrations of nitrogen source, micro-elements, and vitamins such as biotin and thiamine-HCl in Acnetobactar sp. were 1g $(NH_4)_3SO4,\;1{\sim}3mg\;Mn^{++},\;4mg\;Fe^{++},\;10{\mu}g\;biotin,\;and\;100{\mu}g$ thiamine-HCl per liter medium. In the Pseudomonas sp., 2g $(NH_4)_3SO4,\;1mg\;Mn^{++},\;trace\;amounts\;of\;Fe^{++},\;5{\mu}g\;biotin,\;and\;100{\mu}g$ thiamine HCl per liter were effective. Maximum biomass yield was 2.5g/l in Acinetobacter sp. and 4.8g/l in Pseudomonas sp. 3. Protein composition of the two strains exhibited that alkai-labile protein was higher than alkali-stable protein. In Pseudomonas sp., the contents of acid soluble fraction and alkali-stable protein of the cells grown in the methanol medium were higher than in sucrose medium. On the other hand, in Acinetobacter sp., alkalilabile protein of the cells grown in sucrose medium was higher than in methanol medium.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 전력전자학회 2006년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.432-434
• /
• 2006

The additional matters appear to be considered in several aspects for building up power-quality measuring system of transmission system(high voltage system) compared to distribution system(middle or low voltage system). Like in distribution system, input signals are also received from PT and CT source of voltage and current respectively in transmission system and applied in accordance with a certain rate. In this case, very big error rate can be occurred according to the specification of the measuring system as the applying rate is bigger than in distribution system beyond comparison. In addition, when the abnormal signal occurred such as sag/swell, interruption, transient etc., power quality of other sires linked to the system also should be checked to find the accurate cause of the abnormal power-quality signals from the corresponding. site. Accordingly, the accurate diagnosis on the condition of power quality for the system depends on the way how the synchronization system is brought along for each site. This paper will suggest the solution for the most effective system building focused on how to solve the problem of the error rate and synchronization described in the above when building up the measuring system of power quality for transmission system.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제38권5호
• /
• pp.202-206
• /
• 2005

Nitriding treatments were conducted on tool steel (SKD 61) at a temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ for 5 hr using high vacuum direct current (DC) plasma, with ammonia and argon as source gases. The structural and compositional changes produced in the nitrided layers by applying different ratios of Ar to $NH_{3}\;(n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}) were investigated using glancing x-ray diffraction (GXRD), optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), micro-Vickers hardness testing, and pin-on-disc type tribometer. Nitriding case depths of around of $50{\mu}m$ were produced, varying slightly with different ratios of $n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}. It was found that the specimen surface hardness was 1150 Hv with $n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}=1, increasing to a maximum value of 1500 Hv with $n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}=5. With a further increase in ratio to $n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}=10, the surface hardness of the specimen reduced slightly to a value of 1370 Hv. These phenomena were caused by changes of the crystallographic structure of the nitride layers, i.e the $\gamma'-Fe_{4}N$ phase only was observed in the sample treated with $n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}$=1, and the intensity of the $\gamma'-Fe_{4}N$ phase were reduced but new phase of $\varepsilon'-Fe_{3}N$, which was known as a high hardness, with increasing $n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}. Also, the relative weight loss of counterface of the pin-on-disc with unnitrided steel was 0.2. And that of nitrided steel at a gas mixture ($n_{Ar}/n_{NH3}) of 1, 5, 7, and 10 was 0.4, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.5 mg, respectively. This means that the wear resistance of the nitrided samples could be increased by a factor of 2 at least than that of unnitrided steel.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.103-108
• /
• 2013

Vietnam is a developing country with the rate around 5%-6% per year, especially in urban areas. Rapidly developed urban areas lead to stress for infrastructure and the water supply is also stressed. In Hanoi city, total water capacity from the manufactories is around one million cubic meters per day and almost the entire main water source is groundwater but it is not enough to supply all of Hanoi's people, especially in the summer. A demo project is implemented in Hanoi University of Civil Engineering (HUCE) to produce drinking water by using the rainwater and membrane system and supply for people. In this project, rainwater is collected on the rooftop of the lecture building with an area of around $500m^2$ and $100m^3$ volumetric rainwater tanks. Afterwards, the rainwater is treated by the micro-membrane system and supplied to the tap water. Total cost for construction, technology and operation in the first year is around USD 48,558. In the long-term (15 yr) if HUCE invests in the same system, with $20m^3$ volumetric storage tank, it can provide drinking water for 500 staffs in every year. The cost of investment and operation for this system is lower than 30% compared to buying bottled water with the price USD 1.8/bottle. The drinking water parameters after treatment are pH, 7.3-7.75; turbidity, 0.6-0.8 NUT; total dissolved solids, 60-89 mg/L; coliform, 0; heavy metal similar with water quality in the bottle water in Vietnam.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 2016

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are too compact to be resolved by any existing optical telescope facility, making it difficult to understand their structure and the emission processes responsible for their huge energy output. However, variability, one of their characteristic properties, provides a tool to probe the inner regions of AGN. Blazars are the best candidates for such a study, and hence a considerable amount of effort is being made to investigate variability in these sources across the electromagnetic spectrum. Here, using the Mt. Abu infrared observatory (MIRO) blazar monitoring program, we present intra-night, inter-night, and long term aspects of the variability in S5 0716+71, 3C66A, and OJ 287. These stars show significant variability on short (a few tens of mins, to a few hours, to a few days) to long term (months to years) timescales. Based on the light travel time argument, the shortest variability timescales (micro-variability) provide upper limits to the size of the emission region. While S5 0716 shows a very high duty cycle of variability (> 80 %), 3C66A shows a much lower intra day variability (IDV) duty cycle (< 20 %). All three show rapid variations within 2.5 to 3.5 hr, which, perhaps, are generated near the vicinity of black holes. Assuming this, estimates of the masses of the black holes are made at ~10⁹, 8×10⁸, and 2.7×10⁹ M_⨀ for S5 0716+71, 3C66A, and OJ 287, respectively. Multi-wavelength light-curves for the blazar PKS 1510-089 are discussed to infer the emission processes responsible for the recent flaring episodes in this source.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.53-58
• /
• 1996

암석 시료의 파괴시에 발생하는 AE신호를 측정하여 파괴와 관련된 미세균열의 발생원에 대한 연구를 위하여서는 탐촉자에서 기록장치까지 전과정에 대한 검증이 필요하다. 특히 탐촉자는 기계적인 진동을 전기신호로 전환하는 기능을 가진 예민한 장치로서 다양한 인자에 의하여 예민도가 달라질 수 있기 때문에 보정시험을 실리하여야 한다. 압전 압력형 PAC 탐촉자를 NBS나 DG의 변위형 탐촉자에 의하여 보정하는 시험을 실시하였다. NBS 및 PAC탐촉자는 파의 입사방위각에는 무관하나 입사각에는 예민하게 반응한다. 즉, 입사각이 $90^{\circ}$ 일 때에는 입사각 $15^{\circ}$ 이하 일 때보다 약 10배의 큰 출력을 나타내었다. 또한, 시험에 사용된 PAC 탐촉자가의 경우 강도에 대한 개별 예민도의 차이가 최대 약 40%이었다. 압력형 PAC 탐촉자는 변위형 표준탐촉자로 절대치 보정시험을 실시한 결과 보정계수는 평균 77mv/pm이었다.