• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to estimate the emission reduction rates for the regional allowable emissions by special measures to achieve the target air quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). A modeling system was designed to validate the details in enforcement regulations set up by local governments based on the current status and plans for air quality improvement. Modeling system was composed of meteorological model (MM5), emission model (SMOKE), and air quality model (CMAQ). Predicted results by this system show quiet well not only daily air pollutants concentration but also the tendencies of wind direction, wind speed and temperature. To achieve the target air quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), emission allowances are estimated by seasons and regions. Referring to the base year 2002, it was estimated that emission reduction rates to achieve the intermediate goal in 2007 were 14.2% and 16.6% for NOx and $PM_{10}$, respectively. It was also estimated that 52% of NOx and 48% of $PM_{10}$ reductions from the base year 2002 would be required to accomplish the air quality improvement goal of 22 ppb for $NO_2$, and $40mg/m^3$ for $PM_{10}$ in year 2014. To improve $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ concentration through emissions reduction policies, it was found that emissions reduction for the on-road mobile sources would be the most effective in SMA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.1010-1015
• /
• 1995

Extent of reduction in protein digestibility by Godulbaegi(lxeris sonchifolia H.) kimchi powder appeared to be related to the kimchi weight-to-protein weight ratio, the kind of protein sources, part of plants and fementation period. In vitro digestibilities of protein were significantly(p<0.05) reduced as the freeze dried kimchi powder weight-to-protein ration increased from 0.5 : 1.0 to 1.0 : 1.0 for all Godulbaegi samples and protein sources. Overall digestibility of protein sources in the presence of kimchi powder, the reduction ranked in the following order : soybean>casein>beef>squid. Lower(p<0.005) reduction occurred for each protein source when raw plant was exchanged for kimchi products. Some greater reduction of digestibility was noted in young plants and leaf samples than ripe or root samples. Trypsin inhibitor, which expressed as soybena trypsin inhibitor, was inversely related(r=0.8437) to in vitro protein digestibility of casein in the presence of Godulbaegi kimchi powder. More than three times of total polyphenols contained in leaves than in roots. Young leaves had 30% more total polyphenols(37.64mg/g sample) than that in ripe ones. Soaking in 5% NaCl solution for 24 hrs was markedly reduced in total polyphenols as 73% for leaves and 33% for roots. Remarkable reduction in total polyphenols was not checked during fermentation followed after soaking. Trypsin inhibitor content correlated well(r=0.8873) with total polyphenols in all of Godulbaegi samples.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.467-476
• /
• 2016

In the present study, we examined the effect of pertussis toxin (PTX) administered centrally in a variety of stress-induced blood glucose level. Mice were exposed to stress after the pretreatment of PTX (0.05 or 0.1 mg) i.c.v. or i.t. once for 6 days. Blood glucose level was measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after stress stimulation. The blood glucose level was increased in all stress groups. The blood glucose level reached at maximum level after 30 min of stress stimulation and returned to a normal level after 2 h of stress stimulation in restraint stress, physical, and emotional stress groups. The blood glucose level induced by cold-water swimming stress was gradually increased up to 1 h and returned to the normal level. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with PTX, a $G_i$ inhibitor, alone produced a hypoglycemia and almost abolished the elevation of the blood level induced by stress stimulation. The central pretreatment with PTX caused a reduction of plasma insulin level, whereas plasma corticosterone level was further up-regulated in all stress models. Our results suggest that the hyperglycemia produced by physical stress, emotional stress, restraint stress, and the cold-water swimming stress appear to be mediated by activation of centrally located PTX-sensitive G proteins. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX appears to due to the reduction of plasma insulin level. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX was accompanied by the reduction of plasma insulin level. Plasma corticosterone level up-regulation by PTX in stress models may be due to a blood glucose homeostatic mechanism.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.348-358
• /
• 2008

Objective : The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the anti-diarrhea effects of Jisa-tang using mice and guinea pigs. Methods : We feed Jisa-tang to mice and guinea pigs to investigate its effects for anti-diarrhea action. We observed its actions on gastrointestinal smooth muscles, on the transportability of small and large intestines, on diarrhea induced by castor oil and magnesium sulfate, and on enteropooling by castor oil and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$. Results : 1. Jisa-tang showed alleviation, depending on the density, only on the contraction of mice's gastrointestinal smooth muscles induced by histamine. 2. The transportability of the small intestine was not significantly constrained by Jisa-tang. However, the enhancement of pyridostigmine-induced transportability of he small intestine was significantly constrained in the group administered 900mg/kg of Jisa-tang (p<0.05). 3. The transportability of large intestine was significantly constrained in the group administered 1,800mg/kg of Jisa-tang. 4. Jisa-tang showed significant anti-diarrhea effects on diarrhea induced by castor oil and by $MgSO_4$ in the group administered 1,800mg/kg of Jisa-tang. 5. Significant reduction of effects of enteropooling induced by caster oil and by prostaglandin $E_2$ were observed only in the group administered 1,800mg/kg of Jisa-tang. Conclusions : We conclude that Jisa-tang has advantageous effects on drug-induced diarrhea and will contribute to the development of diarrhea treatment through further related studies.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of plant sterol esters by a 4-week repeated oral dose in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article was administered once daily by gavage to rats at dose levels of 0, 1000, 3000, and 9000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. During the test period, clinical sign, mortality, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross finding, organ weight, and histopathology were evaluated. A reduction in the body weight was observed in females of the 9000 mg/kg group on day 27 after the initiation of treatment, but not in males of the group. There were no treatment-related effects on mortality, clinical sign, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinarlysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathology in any treatment group. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 4-week repeated oral dose of plant sterol esters resulted in suppressed body weight in female rats at a dose level of 9000 mg/kg/day. In the condition of this study, target organ was not observed and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 9000 mg/kg/day for males and 5000 mg/kg/day for females.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.227-234
• /
• 2003

2-Bromopropane (2-BP), a halogenated propane analogue, is a substitute for chlorofluorocarbones (CFCs) which have a great potential to destroy the ozone layer and to warm the earth's environment. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential adverse effects of 2-BP on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development after maternal exposure during the gestational days (GD) 6 through 17 in ICR mice. The test chemical was administered subcutaneously to pregnant mice at dose levels of 0, 313, 625 or 1,250 mg/kg/day. All dams were subjected to caesarean section on GD 18 and their fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities. In the 1,250 mg/kg group, maternal toxicity included an increase in the incidence of abnormal clinical signs and a decrease in the maternal body weight, body weight gain, and corrected body weight. Developmental toxicity included a decrease in the fetal body weight, a reduction in the placental weight, an increase in the fetal skeletal variation and ossification delay. There were no adverse effects on either pregnant dams or embryo-fetal development in the 313 and 625 mg/kg groups. These results suggest that a 12-day subcutaneous dose of 2-BP is embryotoxic at a maternally toxic dose (i.e., 1,250 mg/kg/day) in ICR mice. In the present experimental condition, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of 2-BP is considered to be 625 mg/kg/day for dams and embryo-fetuses, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.8
• /
• pp.1082-1087
• /
• 2014

Thirty-two lambs were distributed in eight treatments under $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial experiment to compare the effects of two levels of selenium (0.2 to 5 mg/kg dry matter [DM]), sulphur (0.25% and 0.37%) and copper (8 and 25 mg/kg DM) levels on selenium concentration in liver and serum of lambs. A liver biopsy was done on all animals and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein prior to the beginning of the treatments. The blood was sampled every thirty days and the liver was sampled after 90 days, at the slaughter. Increasing differences were noticed during the data collection period for the serum selenium concentration, and it was found to be 0.667 mg/L in animals fed with 5 mg Se/kg DM and normal sulphur and copper concentrations in their diet. However, a three-way interaction and a reduction of selenium concentration to 0.483 mg/L was verified when increasing copper and sulphur concentration levels to 25 ppm and 0.37% respectively. The liver selenium concentration was also high for diets containing higher selenium concentrations, but the antagonist effect with the increased copper and sulphur levels remained, due to interactions between these minerals. Therefore, for regions where selenium is scarce, increasing its concentration in animal diets can be an interesting option. For regions with higher levels of selenium, the antagonistic effect of interaction between these three minerals should be used by increasing copper and sulphur dietary concentrations, thus preventing possible selenium poisoning.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.26 no.11
• /
• pp.1757-1760
• /
• 2005

A series of 6-alkyloxyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoliones (5a-5n) were synthesized through nitration, reduction, diazotization, hydrolysis and alkylation from 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolione. Their structures were characterized by IR, $^1H$-NMR and MS. The anticonvulsant activity was evaluated by the Maximal electroshock test (MES) and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (Metrazole) test (sc-Met). The neurotoxicity was measured by the Rotarod test (Tox). The result showed that 6-hexyloxy-3,4-dihydro-2 (1H)-quinolinone (5c) was potent in anti-MES and anti-scMet test with $ED_{50}$ of 24.0 mg/kg and 21.2 mg/kg, respectively, albeit its $TD_{50}$ (67.6 mg/kg) revealed the high neurotoxicity. 6-Benzyloxy-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (5f) was less effective against MES induced seizure with $ED_{50}$ of 29.6 mg/kg, but no neurotoxicity was observed even under 300 mg/kg. Its Protective index (PI) was greater than 10 preferable to Phenytoin, Carbamazepin, Phenobarbital and Valproate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.7
• /
• pp.2025-2030
• /
• 2010

When $Cu^{2+}$ was used as an electron acceptor, removal of $Cu^{2+}$ was achieved from the synthesized wastewater (SW) in the cathode compartment of a microbial fuel cell (MFC). By addition of $KNO_3$, the different initial pH of the SW showed no effect on the removal efficiency of $Cu^{2+}$. For $Cu^{2+}$ concentration of 50 mg/L the removal efficiencies were found to be 99.82%, 99.95%, 99.58%, and 99.97% for the $KNO_3$ concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mM, and to be 99.4%, 99.9%, 99.7%, and 99.7% for pH values of 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. More than 99% $Cu^{2+}$ was removed for the $Cu^{2+}$ concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 mg/L, while only 60.1% of $Cu^{2+}$ was removed for the initial concentration of 200 mg/L (pH 3). The maximum power density was affected by both $KNO_3$ concentration and initial concentration of $Cu^{2+}$. It was increased by a factor of 1.5 (from 96.2 to 143.6 mW/$m^2$) when the $KNO_3$ concentration was increased from 0 to 200 mM (50 mg/L $Cu^{2+}$), and by a factor of 2.7 (from 118 to 319 mW/$m^2$) when $Cu^{2+}$ concentration was increased from 10 to 200 mg/L (pH 3).

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.228-236
• /
• 2004

The aim of the present study was to examine whether green tea extract (CUMC6335) affects the blood pressure and the isolated aortic contractility of the rabbit in comparison with one of the most powerful active catechins, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The phenylephrine $(1-10\;{\mu}M)-induced$ contractile responses were greatly inhibited in the presence of CUMC6335 (0.3-1.2 mg/ml). Also, high potassium (56 mM)-induced contractile responses were depressed in high concentration (0.6-1.2 mg/ml), but not affected in low concentration CUMC6335 (0.3 mg/ml). However, epigallocatechin gallate $(EGCG,\;4-12\;{\mu}g/ml)$ did not affect the contractile responses evoked by phenylephrine and high $K^+$. The infusion of CUMC6335 with a rate of 20 mg/kg/30 min made a significant reduction in pressor responses induced by intravenous norepinephrine. However, EGCG (1 mg/kg/30 min) did not affect them. Collectively, these results obtained from the present study suggest that intravenous CUMC6335 causes depressor action in the anesthetized rat at least partly through the blockade of adrenergic ${\alpha}_1-receptors$. CUMC6335 also causes the relaxation in the isolated aortic strips of the rabbit partly via the blockade of adrenergic ${\alpha}_1-receptors$, in addition to the unknown direct mechanism. It seems that there is no species difference in the vascular effect between the rat and the rabbit.