• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.238-245
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• 2015

Background: Pharmacy schools newly adopted a 6-year program strengthening clinical knowledge since 2011 in Korea. The clinical training under the guidance of preceptors at hospital sites is a requisite for pharmacy students during the last year of undergraduate course. It has been rarely studied on the hospital pharmacists' perspective regarding being a preceptor or teaching pharmacy students. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the hospital pharmacists' intention toward student training and to identify the relevant factors among the individual pharmacists' characteristics and working environment within the theoretical frame of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Method: A mail-survey was conducted for pharmacists working in tertiary hospitals in Seoul and Incheon. The survey questionnaire consisting of 131 questions with a 5-likert scale was developed for investigating pharmacists' attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and the intention to teach pharmacy students as well as other demographic variables. To estimate the construct validity of components, factor analysis was conducted and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to estimate the reliability of the observed variables. Statistical analyses of one-way variance analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 18.0. Results: The survey response rate was 53% (116/210) and the three constructs of attitude (r = .519), subjective norm (r = .233) and perceived control (r = .392) have appropriate correlations with the intention, proving the appropriateness of using the TPB model. Pharmacists working in inpatient (mean = 3.45) and outpatient clinics (mean = 3.34) generally showed positive intention for teaching. The attitude (${\beta}=.432$, p < 0.01) and perceived control (${\beta}=.270$, p < .01) constructs were significant predictors of the intention. Both age (r = 0.246, p = 0.017) and length of career (r = 0.310, p = 0.002) were positively related with the perceived control. Conclusion: Hospital pharmacists showed generally positive intention to provide student training in spite of the concern on their limited perceived behavioral control. Future research to find the actual barriers pharmacists faced in educating students need to be conducted.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.107-118
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• 2014

Purpose - Due to the recent slowdown of growth in global luxury brands, which have been an engine of our domestic fashion market growth, there is an increasing need to develop a global market for domestic high-priced fashion brands. In spite of the large scale of trade between Korea and China with respect to fashion products, current trade concentrates on middle- and low-priced products rather than high-priced products. Diversification of the trade between Korea and China in terms of the price levels of trade products is needed. An understanding of Chinese consumption values and purchase intentions for luxury fashion brands will be very helpful for the establishment of strategies with the aim of increasing the level of trade with regard to high-priced fashion products. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the differences in the clothing consumption values of South Korean and Chinese women in their 20s, especially with reference to how those values affect their preference and purchase intention for luxury fashion brands. Research design, data, methodology - The study was implemented through a descriptive survey method using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample consisted of 283 Korean and 306 Chinese women in their 20s, residing in Seoul, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. Data were collected from March 3 to 15, 2014. A total of 589 completed responses were analyzed. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, t-test, and multiple regression analysis. Results - Fivefactors for clothing consumption values were formulated: conspicuous/social value, fashionability value, personality expression value, hedonic value, and practical value. There were significant differences between Korean and Chinese consumers in clothing consumption values (except social value), preference, and purchase intention for luxury fashion brands. With regard to clothing consumption values, Chinese women attached more importance to fashionability value, personality expression value, hedonic value, and practical value than South Korean women. In addition, Chinese women's preference and purchase intention for luxury fashion brands were higher than South Korean women's. Second, in the case of South Korean women, social value, practical value, and fashionability value had positive effects on preferences for luxury fashion brands, while attractive/personality expression value and hedonic value had no influence. In contrast, in the case of Chinese women, social value and fashionability value had positive effects on preference for the luxury fashion brands. Third, in the case of South Korean women, social value and practical value had positive effects on purchase intentions for luxury fashion brands. In contrast, in the case of Chinese women, social value, personality expression value, and fashionability value had positive effects on purchase intention for luxury fashion brands. Conclusions - Considering the findings of the study, it is clear that differentiated marketing strategies are needed for luxury fashion brand markets in Korea and China. The results of the study could provide useful information that will help increase the effectiveness of luxury fashion brand marketing strategies in Korea and China.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.443-450
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• 2009

Purpose: Conventional image reconstruction uses simplified physical models of projection. However, real physics, for example 3D reconstruction, takes too long time to process all the data in clinic and is unable in a common reconstruction machine because of the large memory for complex physical models. We suggest the realistic distributed memory model of fast-reconstruction using parallel processing on personal computers to enable large-scale technologies. Materials and Methods: The preliminary tests for the possibility on virtual manchines and various performance test on commercial super computer, Tachyon were performed. Expectation maximization algorithm with common 2D projection and realistic 3D line of response were tested. Since the process time was getting slower (max 6 times) after a certain iteration, optimization for compiler was performed to maximize the efficiency of parallelization. Results: Parallel processing of a program on multiple computers was available on Linux with MPICH and NFS. We verified that differences between parallel processed image and single processed image at the same iterations were under the significant digits of floating point number, about 6 bit. Double processors showed good efficiency (1.96 times) of parallel computing. Delay phenomenon was solved by vectorization method using SSE. Conclusion: Through the study, realistic parallel computing system in clinic was established to be able to reconstruct by plenty of memory using the realistic physical models which was impossible to simplify.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2013

Purpose - The TOEIC test has been leading the change in the quality and the globalization of companies for about last 30 years. The TOEIC test is taken by about two million people each year and is used as a criterion to select new employees in companies or government offices, for performance ratings, and for overseas posting selections. Universities also use TOEIC test in various ways. Since the TOEIC test is used for the selection of new students for admission, transferring extra credits, scholarships, graduation certification, and admission of international students studying abroad, many universities all over the country provide students with TOEIC study lectures through their own language institutes. Despite the fact, there has been no research on the service quality or even the current situation of these institutes. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the factors that impact TOEIC lecture service quality and analyzes the effect of the expectation related to the education service quality and the result of education on intentional behavior. Research design, data, methodology - Data was collected by administering a survey to current TOEIC students from different university language institutes. The survey questionnaire comprised of a five-point Likert scale. The demographic analysis was conducted using the frequency analysis method and the factor analysis was conducted to verify the validity of questionnaire over any variable. The reliability analysis was conducted to verify the reliability of the results. Besides, multiple regression analysis, regression analysis, and mediated effect verification were also conducted. For education service quality, four different independent variables such as reliability, response, conviction, and sympathy were considered using the SERVQUAL survey model. Based on the research models, the study hypotheses below were formulated in order to recognize an effect relationship between the variables. The four hypotheses are, "the hypothesis on education service quality and TOEIC study result expectation," "the hypothesis on education service quality and behavioral intention," "the hypothesis on study result expectation and behavioral intention," and "the hypothesis on study result expectation and mediated effect." Results - The results are as follows. First, the factors like response, conviction, and sympathy have a positive influence on TOEIC study result expectations. Second, the TOEIC study result expectation has a positive influence on the factors of behavioral intention such as re-sign up, positive word-of-mouth, "loyalty towards school." Third, it was verified that the mediated effect on behavioral intention was influenced by education service quality at university foreign language institute, while the study result expectation has only a partial mediated effect. Conclusions - The implications of this study are summarized as follows: First, it suggests a new research model for the effect of the expectation related to the education service quality and the result of education in the university language institutes on the behavioral intention. Second, it has established a relationship between the education service quality and study result expectation by verifying the mediated effect on them.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

Objectives: This study investigated whether the impacts of orthodontic treatment of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life and happiness are positive with middle and high school students Methods: Subjects were 157 orthodontic patients and 83 non-orthodontic in malocclusion patients. Questionnaires were collected with the self-administered method, and consisted of the general characteristics, self-esteem, social support appraisal scale(friends, family, teacher), Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) and oxford happiness questionnaire (OHQ). Results: A physical factor was lower in the orthodontic treatment group ($5.8{\pm}2.48$) than in the non-orthodontic treatment group ($7.7{\pm}2.10$)(p<0.001), and OIDP was lower in the orthodontic treatment group ($7.0{\pm}1.79$) than in the non-orthodontic treatment group ($7.8{\pm}1.80$)(p=0.002). A feeling of happiness was higher in the orthodontic treatment group($4.6{\pm}0.81$) than in the orthodontic treatment group ($4.3{\pm}0.89$) (p=0.009). As results of multiple regression analysis, OIDP was affected of orthodontic treatment(${\beta}=-0.0222$, p=0.001) and OHP was affected of orthodontic treatment(${\beta}=0.087$, p=0.030) and OIDP(${\beta}=0.116$, p=0.003). Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion may positively affects happiness in teenager. Support policy for orthodontic treatment of malocclusion is necessary for adolescents.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.254-270
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• 2002

This descriptive correlational study was conducted to identify the variables related to a health promoting lifestyle in women student of high school. 286 students were selected by a convenience sampling method. The data were collected by self - reported questionnaires from 10 to July 13, 2002. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression with SPSS program. The result of this study were as follows: 1. The average score of health promoting behavior was 2.46 of a 4 point scale. Sanitary life(3.05), interpersonal support(2.80), alcohol & smoking(2.79) Self actualization(2.76), habit of meal(2.52), rest & sleeping(2.33) regulation of meal(2.30) stress management(2.05), health responsibility(1.91) were also analyzed. 2. Health promoting lifestyle showed significant positive correlations with self-esteem (r=0.446, p<0.00l), life orientation test(r=.493, P<0.0l) and score(F=6.157, P=0.002) 3. Perceived health state showed significant correlation with alcohol & smoking subscale(r=-.134, P<0.05) of health promoting lifestyle. Self-esteem showed significant correlation with total health promoting lifestyle(r=.538, P<0.01), and showed significant correlation self-actualization subscale(r=.657, P<0.01) health responsibility subscale (r=.272, P<0.01), food regulation subscale(r=.126, P<0.05), interpersonal relationship subscale (r=.468, P<0.0l), stress management subscale(r=.349, P<0.01) sanitary life subscale (r=.282, P<0.01) sleep & rest subscale(r=.123, P<0.05). Life orientation test showed significant correlation with total health promoting lifestyle(r=.493, p<0.01), self­actualization subscale(r=.643, p<0.01) health responsibility subscale(r=.192, P<0.0l), habit of meal subscale(r=.215, p<0.01), interpersonal relationship subscale(r=.423, p<0.01), stress management subscale(r=.345, p<0.01) sanitary life subscale(r=.191, p<0.01) sleep & rest subscale(r=.137, P<0.05). Stress response showed significant correlation with sleep & rest subscale(r=-.137, P<0.05) of health promoting lifestyle. 4. The combination of self-esteem. life orientation test explained $33.2\%$ of the variance in health promoting lifestyle. On the basis of the above findings. self-esteem and Life Orientation Test were identified as the variables which explained most of Pender's health promoting model. Nursing strategies enhancing self-esteem and Life Orientation Test which have a more significant effect on health promoting lifestyles should be developed.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.33-47
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to classify and analyze existing studies from various angles through systematic literature review of how human resources development has been researched in the domestic franchise business. These studies are intended to suggest the direction in which human resource development research should be conducted in the future in the franchise business. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is based on systematic literature review methodology. It has gone through the process of subject language setting, literature search routing, search term selection, literature selection, literature classification and literature analysis. The systematic literature review identified 59 peer-reviewed dissertations and scientific journal publications on the subject of HRD in Korea franchise business. Result - This study analyzed by research methods, research industries, research population and dependent variable using the systematic review process. The literature studied in the 2000s mainly led to research on education and training of franchise employees in beauty franchise business. In the literature studied since 2010, human resources development was mainly studied in the supervisor in the restaurant franchise business, and in the study of competence rather than education and training. According to the research methods, statistical methods were mostly relatively simple, such as t-test or one-way distribution analysis until the 2000s, and after 2010, in-depth and structural studies using multiple return analysis, structural method analysis, path analysis, multi-dimensional scale analysis, AHP, etc were conducted. When classified by study dependant, early research until the 2000s focused on the study of education and training, which is an independent variable, on the satisfaction of education programs, job satisfaction, and immersion. On the other hand, studies conducted since 2010 have produced more complex results using various medium variants, and those related to management performance and relationship performance have been mainly studied, rather than the satisfaction of the education itself. Conclusions - While the domestic franchise business is expanding in terms of quantity, such as the number of franchises and franchises, the development in terms of quality for the joint growth of franchises and franchisees is still lacking. In order for the franchisee to continue to grow with each other, the franchisee must identify and develop their current performance or expected capabilities through capacity modeling at various targets and levels.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.134-145
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• 2004

With rapid growth in the amount of data transferred on the Internet, traditional storage systems have reached the limits of their capacity and performance. SAN (Storage Area Network), which connects hosts to disk with the Fibre Channel switches, provides one of the powerful solutions to scale the data storage and servers. In this environment, the maintenance of data consistency among hosts is an important issue because multiple hosts share the files on disks attached to the SAN. To preserve data consistency, each host can execute the disk I/O whenever disk read and write operations are requested. However, frequent disk I/O requests cause the deterioration of the overall performance of a SAN cluster. In this paper, we introduce a SANtopia global buffer manager to improve the performance of a SAN cluster reducing the number of disk I/Os. We describe the design and algorithms of the SANtopia global buffer manager, which provides a buffer cache sharing mechanism among the hosts in the SAN cluster. Micro-benchmark results to measure the performance of block I/O operations show that the global buffer manager achieves speed-up by the factor of 1.8-12.8 compared with the existing method using disk I/O operations. Also, File system micro-benchmark results show that SANtopia file system with the global buffer manager improves performance by the factor of 1.06 in case of directories and 1.14 in case of files compared with the file system without a global buffer manager.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 2006

Small and middle sized Franchise system channels experience conflicts because of constant interaction between franchiser and franchisee. However, it is rarely that attempt has been made to identify causes of conflicts in distribution of franchise industry. The purpose of this study was to explore cause of conflicts from the franchisee. For the study, data were collected from the owner or the shop-manager with a contractor in franchise systems. By means of in-depth interviews with multiple informants, their statement was analyzed qualitatively. From analysis of the resulting data, the causes of conflicts were associated with two broad sets, attitudinal and structural differences between franchisers and franchisees. First, attitudinal sources of conflict were identified as perception of subordinated relationships between channel members, delayed announcement on order changes, difficulties in communication by doing irresponsible behavior, different expectations between channel members in market territory and lack of consistent-supporting. Second, structural sources of conflict involved unilateral decision on interior, payment method, unreasonable delivery issue, treat franchisee with discrimination by the sales, in controlling against free management. There are limitations on generalization due to the results based on interview, but this study will be a useful exploratory step before designing a large scale survey.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.991-1007
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare depression and quality of life(QOL) according to the severity of insomnia in elderly. Method: The survey participants were 463 community-dwelling adults aged 65 or older. Severity of insomnia was measured by assessing a time-length to get to sleep, the number of breaks in sleep, a time-length to get to sleep after awakening, and a usual sleep pattern. Depression and QOL was measured, respectively, a modified Zung's depression scale and SF-36. The data were collected from May to June in 2005 and analyzed using the SPSS program for descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, and ANOVA with Scheffe test. Results: A majority of the participants(75.6%) presented mild(65.0%) or severe(10.6%) insomnia. Severity of insomnia was different depending on sex, a marriage status, and sleep patterns such as hours of sleep on average, time to go to bed, and time of awakening(p<0.05). Depression and QOL were related to the severity of insomnia(p<0.05). The elderly suffering from insomnia needs nursing interventions considering demographics and sleep patterns in oder to prevent depression and to improve QOL. Future research is in need for predicting and preventing depression and QOL in elderly.