• 전기화학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.64-70
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• 2023

급격한 온실가스 배출량 증가로 인해 지구 온난화가 심화되고 있다. 이로 인해 탄소중립의 필요성과 이행이 더욱 절실해졌다. 이를 위해 여러 가지 신재생에너지 중 수소에 대한 관심이 부각되고 있다. 수소는 지구 상에 풍부한 자원이며 무탄소 전원으로 친환경적이다. 궁극적으로 물의 전기분해에 의해 친환경 수소를 얻을 수 있다. 하지만 산소 발생 반응에 사용되는 촉매는 고가이며 희귀하고 촉매의 내구성에 문제가 있어 어려움을 겪고 있기 때문에 비귀금속 촉매의 개발이 필요하다. 본 총설에서는 최근 발표된 산소 발생 촉매 중 비귀금속 촉매인 Co와 Mo 기반의 촉매를 정리, 요약하여 소개하고 있다. 이를 통해 비귀금속 촉매의 활성과 내구성을 증가시키기 위한 촉매의 특성 설계를 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

• 셀메드
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3.1-3.4
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• 2016

Consumption of herbal products from the medicinal plants contaminated with heavy metals can cause serious consequences on human health. This is a major concern for traditional and herbal medicine. The present study was carried out to analyze and quantify the levels of six potentially toxic heavy metals namely arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium and nickel in ten important Indian medicinal herbs. The air dried raw herbs were processed by microwave assisted wet digestion and analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with graphite tube atomizer. Except the chromium content in three plants, all the levels of six heavy metals analyzed were found to be quite below the permissible limits in all the ten raw medicinal herbs analyzed. The present work implies that, regular and systematic screening of raw medicinal herbs is necessary to check the levels of the heavy metal contaminants before using them for consumption or preparation of herbal formulations so that the possible contamination cannot cumulate up to the finished products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.861-869
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• 1999

An extracellular protease was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant of psychrotrophic bacteria Bacillus sp. JH 108 using procedures including ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and cation exchange chromatography. The enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of 36 kDa, an optimum pH of 8 to 9, and optimum temperature of $60^{\circ}C$. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed leucine at the N-terminus of peptides and thus can be classified as an aminopeptidase. It was strongly inhibited by metal chelating agents such as EDTA and l, l0-phenanthroline. The activity lost by EDTA was restored with $Zn^{2+}{\;}or{\;}Co^{2+}$. These divalent cations also stimulated the native enzyme. This suggests that the enzyme is a metalloprotease acting as a leucine aminopeptidase.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2022

전세계의 기후 온난화로 인해 탄소 중립 사회의 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 이를 위해 화석연료를 대체할 새로운 에너지 자원으로 수소에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 친환경적이며 풍부하게 존재하는 물의 전기분해를 통한 수소 생산은 매우 중요한 분야이다. 하지만 전기분해의 산소 발생 반응의 경우 매우 높은 과전압과 고가의 귀금속 촉매의 사용이 상용화에 걸림돌로 작용하고 있다. 이에 본 총설에서 최근 5년동안 발표된 고분자 전해질막 수전해 시스템의 산소 발생 반응에 쓰이는 귀금속 촉매의 연구 동향에 대해 요약 및 정리하였다. 가장 널리 사용되는 귀금속 촉매로는 Ir과 Ru 기반의 촉매들이다. 이들은 높은 안정성과 성능 때문에 수전해 촉매로 연구되었다. 하지만 높은 가격으로 인해 성능 향상이 우선 과제이며 이를 위해 지지체와의 상호작용, 합금 촉매, 다양한 후처리 공정 등을 적용하고 있다. 본 총설은 귀금속 촉매의 산소 발생 반응에 대한 활성과 내구성을 높이는 전략 수립에 도움이 될 것으로 예상한다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.341-347
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• 1984

과립혼입 오렌지 쥬우스용 오렌지 과립을 대량 으로 1차 가공하여 중간제품으로 저장하면서 필요시에 완제품으로 제조할 수 있는 방안을 모색하기 위하여 오렌지 과립의 열처리 조건 및 포장방법별 저장중 품질변화와 완제품 제조에 따른 저장제품의 가공적성을 확인한 결과 5개월 이상 안전저장이 가능하였으며 포장후 살균공정과 고온충진공정에서의 가공방법별 차이는 없었고 포장방법에 따른 차이는 있어 관포장이 가장 좋았고 3겹파우치포장, 2 겹파우치포장 순이었다. 또한 쎄그먼트로 가공 저장하는 것이 과립으로 저장하는 것보다 우수하었으며 2겹파우치 포장을 제외한 모든 처리구에서 대조구(과립 저장초기에 가공한 과립혼입 쥬우스 완제품)보다 관능검사 결과가 좋게 나타나서 중간제품으로 저장하였다가 제조한 완제품이 품질면에서 더 좋다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

신선한 농산물 섭취와 관련된 많은 장점들이 전세계적으로 발표되고 있으며, 지속적인 섭취를 장려하고 있다. 일반적으로 과일과 채소는 최소한으로 가공되기 때문에 천연의 성분들이 건강을 증진시키는 역할을 하기도 하지만 그만큼 질병을 일으킬 수 있는 매개체가 존재할 수 있는 가능성이 매우 높다. 세계 보건기구 (WHO)의 보고서에 따르면 10명 중 1명이 식품에 의해 발생하는 질병으로 고통 받고 있으며, 전 세계적으로 매년 42만 명이 식중독으로 사망하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 신선 식품은 농장에서 수확할 때부터 소비자의 식탁에 오르기까지 다양한 경로에서 쉽게 오염 될 수 있다. 본 리뷰논문에서는 신선식품에 의해 발생할 수 있는 질병을 이해하기 위해 화학적, 생물학적, 그리고 물리학적 위험요소로부터 식중독을 일으키는 원인과, 증상, 그리고 검출 방법에 대해서 기술 하였다. 화학적 위험요소의 대표적인 예로는 농약(살충제, 살균제, 및 제초제), 천연 독소 (곰팡이 독소 및 식물 독소), 그리고 중금속 (수은 및 카드뮴) 등이 있으며 이는 크로마토그래피 및 나노 기술 등을 이용하여 검출 할 수 있다. 하지만, 여러 실험에도 불구하고 화학적 위험 요소는 그 구조가 다양하기 때문에 위험 요소를 검출하는 하나의 표준 방법을 수립하기 힘들다. 신선한 과일과 채소는 영양분과 수분이 풍부하기 때문에 박테리아성 병원균 (Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus), 바이러스 또는 기생충에 의해 쉽게 오염이 되며, 이를 검출하기 위해 주로 다양한 분자 생물학적 기술이 사용되고 있다. 마지막으로 물리적 위험요소인 유리, 금속, 자갈 등과 같은 매개체는 가공 공정 중에 식품에 유입되어 소비자에게 신체적 상해를 줄 수 있다. 이러한 위험요소를 줄이기 위해서 X-선 검사와 같은 투시 시스템을 이용하여 위해물질을 탐지하거나, 생산에 관여하는 직원 교육을 통해 2차 감염을 줄일수 가 있다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.231-240
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• 1993

This study was carried out to find out the content of injurious heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic of marine fish which had been captured in adjacent sea of Korea. From March, 1 to April, 30 in 1993. 60 sample of fishes were collected the adult fish and young fish. These samples were analyzed by the Mercury Analyzer and Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectro Analyzer. The results of the study were summarized as follows: (1) The content of mercury in Therafra chalcograma was 0.112$\pm$0.034 ppm which was higher than other fishes, but Pseudosciaena manchurica and Pampus argenteus had lower (P<0.05). Although lead content of Trichiurus lepturus was 0.359$\pm$0.056 ppm, which was higher than other fishes. The lead content of Theragra chalcograma had lower to the almost same level. The cadmium content of the Theragra chalcograma was 0.069$\pm$0.010 ppm which was higher than other samples, but Pseudosciaena manchurica had 0.039$\pm$0.020 ppm to lower level. Though there was some fluctuation in the arsenic content which was 0.433~3.752 ppm, the arsenic content of Therafra chalcograma was 3.752$\pm$2.873 ppm which was the higher than any other fishes. But there are not statistical significances. (2) Heavy metal content by the maturity of the fishes: Mercury content of the old Pseudosciaena manchurica was 0.055$\pm$0.15 ppm comparing to the young's result of 0.030$\pm$0.009 ppm (P<0.05). Though there were some differences according to the maturity, but thee was no statistical significance. (3) In view of the correlation of the heavy metal content, for Pseudosciaena manchurica, high correlation was founded to r=0.6437 between mercury and cadmium (P<0.05). Though the content of mercury, arsenic cadmium and lead had positive correlation (r=0.2725) and negative correlation (r=-0.3958), but there was no significance at all. The other fishes were not found correlation between the heavy metal content. Positive correlation was found between age with mercury in Pseudociaena manchurica (r=0.7018, P<0.05). The negative correlation of age with lead content in the Pseudociaena Manchurica was signigicant (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient was r=-0.7623. The age with mercury content in Coloabis saira had high correlation (r=0.7201, P<0.05). Through the above analysis, it can get conclusion that injurious heavy metal content of the fishes in Korea such a mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic were at the level of natural content. At present, guidelines of maximum residue level allowed at foreign countries about the injurious heavy metal have been used according to the kinds of fish but our government guideline for the marine fishes in only total mercury below 0.7 ppm and lead below 2 ppm. So more aggressive guidelines for the allowance level of heavy metals in marine fishes are required for the safety of foods.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2006

Aryl sulfotransferase (AST) IV is a liver enzyme involved in detoxication and has been shown to be susceptible to down regulation by a number of hepatotoxic xenobiotics. Studies presented here to investigate the ability of biological and non-biological divalent metal cations on AST IV activity showed that AST IV was strongly inhibited following in vitro or in vivo exposure to. Zn ( II ), Co ( II ) or Cd ( II ). It was found that $0.025\sim$2.5 uM of these metal ions were sufficient to cause $50\%$ of inhibition in vitro in purified AST IV and $0.25\sim$25 uM of these metal ions in liver cytosolic fractions. For the in vivo study, 1,000 mg Cu ( II )/kg, 2,000 mg Zn ( II )/kg or 250 mg Cd( II )/kg was added to individual diets and administered to three (3) group; of mts over a 7 week period The Co ( II )-supplemented diet produced no apparent change in rat growth rate and resulted in 30-fold increase in liver cytotolic Cu ( II ) levels, suggesting that elevated levels of Cu ( II ) ion in the liver were responsible for the loss of AST IV activity. In contrast, the Zn ( II )-supplemented diet caused a decrease in rat growth rates and resulted in zero increase in liver Zn ( II ) levels, which suggested an indirect inhibition mechanism was caused by Zn ( II ) in the liver. Rats were fed the Cd-supplemented diet also displayed a decrease in growth rate with little or no change in liver Cu ( II ) or Zn ( II ) levels. When the liver cytosols of mts from the metal ion diets were immunochemically analyzed for the AST IV and albumin contents, no significant changes were observed in albumin levels. However, AST IV contents in the cytosols of mts fed the Zn ( II )-supplemented diets showed a slight decrease in amount These results showed that AST IV activity in vitro and in vivo can be inhibited by Co ( II ), Zn ( II ), and Cd ( II ) by apparently different mechanisms. The immediate response to a Zn injection showed a decrease in AST IV activity but not in the AST IV content in liver cytosol. These mechanisms appeared to involve direct actions of the metal ion on AST IV activity and indirect actions affecting AST IV amount.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2017

Purpose: The smartphone is actively being used in many research fields, primarily in medical and diagnostic applications. However, there are cases in which smartphone-based systems have been developed for agriculture, environment, and food applications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research cases using smartphone cameras in agriculture, environment, and food. Methods: This review introduces seventeen research cases which used smartphone cameras in agriculture, food, water, and soil applications. These were classified as systems involving "smartphone-camera-alone" and "smartphone camera with optical accessories". Results: Detecting food-borne pathogens, analyzing the quality of foods, monitoring water quality and safety, gathering information regarding plant growth or damage, identifying weeds, and measuring soil loss after rain were presented for the smartphone-camera-alone system. Measuring food and water quality and safety, phenotyping seeds, and soil classifications were presented for the smartphone camera with optical accessories. Conclusions: Smartphone cameras were applied in various areas for several purposes. The use of smartphone cameras has advantages regarding high-resolution imaging, manual or auto exposure and focus control, ease of use, portability, image storage, and most importantly, programmability. The studies discussed were achieved by sensitivity improvements of CCDs (charge-coupled devices) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) on smartphone cameras and improved computing power of the smartphone, respectively. A smartphone camera-based system can be used with ease, low cost, in near-real-time, and on-site. This review article presents the applications and potential of the smartphone and the smartphone camera used for various purposes in agriculture, environment, and food.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-29
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• 2017

The roles of Na, Mn, W and silica, and the synergistic effects between each metal in the $MnNa_2WO_4/SiO_2$ catalyst have been investigated for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The crystallisation of amorphous silica during calcination at $900^{\circ}C$ was promoted primarily by Na, but Mn and W also facilitated this process. The interaction between Na and Mn tended to increase the extent of conversion of $Mn_3O_4$ to $Mn_2O_3$. The formation of $Na_2WO_4$ was dependent on the order in which Na and W were introduced to the catalyst. The impregnation of W before Na resulted in the formation of $Na_2WO_4$, but this did not occur when the impregnation order was reversed. $MnWO_4$ formed in all cases where Mn and W were introduced into the silica support, regardless of the impregnation order; however, the formation of $MnWO_4$ was inhibited in the presence of Na. Of the prepared samples in which a single metal oxide was introduced to silica, only $Mn/SiO_2$ showed OCM activity with significant oxygen conversion, thus demonstrating the important role that Mn plays in promoting oxygen transfer in the reaction. The impregnation order of W and Na is critical for catalyst performance. The active site, which involves a combination of Na-Si-W-O, can be formed in situ when distorted $WO_4^{2-}$ interacts with silica during the crystallisation process facilitated by Na. This can only occur if the impregnation of W occurs before Na addition, or if the two components are introduced simultaneously.