• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1867-1876
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• 2017

Most of the biosynthetic pathways for secondary metabolites are influenced by carbon metabolism and supply of cytosolic NADPH. We engineered carbon distribution to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and redesigned the host to produce high levels of NADPH and primary intermediates from the PPP. The main enzymes producing NADPH in the PPP, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (encoded by zwf1 and zwf2) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (encoded by zwf3), were overexpressed with opc encoding a positive allosteric effector essential for Zwf activity in various combinations in Streptomyces lividans TK24. Most S. lividans transformants showed better cell growth and higher concentration of cytosolic NADPH than those of the control, and S. lividans TK24/pWHM3-Z23O2 containing zwf2+zwf3+opc2 showed the highest NADPH concentration but poor sporulation in R2YE medium. S. lividans TK24/pWHM3-Z23O2 in minimal medium showed the maximum growth (6.2 mg/ml) at day 4. Thereafter, a gradual decrease of biomass and a sharp increase of cytosolic NADPH and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate between days 2 and 4 and between days 1 and 3, respectively, were observed. Moreover, S. lividans TK24/pWHM3-Z23O2 produced 0.9 times less actinorhodin but 1.8 times more undecylprodigiosin than the control. These results suggested that the increased NADPH concentration and various intermediates from the PPP specifically triggered undecylprodigiosin biosynthesis that required many precursors and NADPH-dependent reduction reaction. This study is the first report on bespoke metabolic engineering of PPP routes especially suitable for producing secondary metabolites that need diverse primary precursors and NADPH, which is useful information for metabolic engineering in Streptomyces.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-229
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• 2016

Fatty liver is a common metabolic disorder of dairy cows during the transition period. Historically, the diagnosis of fatty liver has involved liver biopsy, biochemical or histological examination of liver specimens, and ultrasonographic imaging of the liver. However, more convenient and noninvasive methods would be beneficial for the diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows. The plasma metabolic profiles of dairy cows with fatty liver and normal (control) cows were investigated to identify new biomarkers using $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance. Compared with the control group, the primary differences in the fatty liver group included increases in ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone, glycine, valine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, citrulline, and isobutyrate, and decreases in alanine, asparagine, glucose, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid glycerol, and creatinine. This analysis revealed a global profile of endogenous metabolites, which may present potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.401-410
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• 2020

This study is to conduct a 12-month f/u survey on changes of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components according to the resting heart rate (RHR) in patients with essential hypertension (HTN) without cardiovascular disease (CVD) complication. We used the KorHR (Korean Hypertension Registry) data and a total of 951 subjects were analyzed using the R statistical program. As a result of this study, it was found that the risk and changes of MetS components differs according to the RHR group with first and revisit hypertensive patients. Therefore, guidelines for customized RHR control for first and revisit hypertensive patients should be prepared. Also, it is necessary to prepare various interventions to control the RHR. Through this, it is intended to prevent the occurrence of CVD caused by HTN, which is a representative chronic disease, to improve the quality of life of patients and their families as well as to contribute to increasing the efficiency in the health care.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2012

Carboxylic acids play an important role in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways of both the snail and the parasite. Monitoring the effects of infection by schistosome on Biomphalaria alexandrina carboxylic acids metabolic profiles represents a promising additional source of information about the state of metabolic system. We separated and quantified pyruvic, fumaric, malic, oxalic, and acetic acids using ion-suppression reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect correlations between these acids in both hemolymph and digestive gland gonad complex (DGG's) samples in a total of 300 B. alexandrina snails (150 infected and 150 controls) at different stages of infection. The results showed that the majority of metabolite pairs did not show significant correlations. However, some high correlations were found between the studied acids within the control group but not in other groups. More striking was the existence of reversed correlations between the same acids at different stages of infection. Some possible explanations of the underlying mechanisms were discussed. Ultimately, however, further data are required for resolving the responsible regulatory events. These findings highlight the potential of metabolomics as a novel approach for fundamental investigations of host-pathogen interactions as well as disease surveillance and control.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.456-464
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the quantitative and qualitative assessment of dietary intake between patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and healthy subjects and to investigate dietary factors related to MetS. Anthropometric measurements, blood analysis, and dietary intake as assessed by 24-hour recall were conducted in MetS patients (n=15) and healthy subjects (n=25). In order to assess the quantity and quality of dietary intake, daily nutrient intake, nutrient density, nutrient intake to dietary reference intake (DRI), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), food intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), and dietary variety score (DVS) were analyzed. The statistical differences between MetS patients and controls were analyzed using the SAS software program. Daily energy intake and food intake were not significantly different between the two groups (2,154.3 kcal vs. 1,872.9 kcal; 1,280.0 g vs. 1,261.6 g). There were also no significant differences in daily nutrient intake, nutrient intake ratio to DRI, NAR, or DVS between the MetS group and the control group. However, daily intake of eggs and milk in MetS patients was significantly lower than in the control group (9.0 g/day vs. 30.3 g/day, p<0.05; 0 g/day vs. 49.7 g/day, p<0.05). These results indicate that low intake of eggs and dairy products may be related to the development of MetS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.328-328
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• 2017

Drought is a major limiting factor that reduces rice production and occurs often especially under recent climate change. Plants have the ability to alter their developmental morphology in response to changing environment, which is known as phenotypic plasticity. In our previous studies, we found that one chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL50 derived from Nipponbare and Kasalath crosses) showed no differences in shoot and root growth as compared with the recurrent genotype, Nipponbare under non-stress condition but showed greater growth responses compared with Nipponbare under mild drought stress condition. We hypothesized that reducing root respiration as metabolic cost, which may be largely a consequence of aerenchyma formation would be one of the key mechanisms for root plasticity expression. This study aimed to evaluate the root respiration and aerenchyma formation under various soil moisture conditions among genotypes with different root plasticity. CSSL50 together with Nipponbare and Kasalath were grown under waterlogged conditions (Control) and mild drought stress conditions (20% of soil moisture content) in a plastic pot ($11cm{\times}14cm$, ${\varphi}{\times}H$) and PVC tube ($3cm{\times}30cm$, ${\varphi}{\times}H$). Root respiration rate was measured with infrared gas analyzer (IRGA, GMP343, Vaisala, Finland) with a closed static chamber system. There was no significant difference between genotypes in control for shoot and root growth as well as root respiration rate. In contrast, all the genotypes increased their root respiration rates in response to mild drought stress. However, CSSL50 showed lower root respiration rate than Nipponbare, which was associated by higher root aerenchyma formation that was estimated based on internal gas space (porosity) under mild drought stress conditions. Furthermore, there were significant negative correlations between root length and root respiration rate. These results imply that reducing the metabolic cost (= root respiration rate) is a key mechanism for root plasticity expression, which CSSL50 showed under mild drought.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1557-1565
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• 2010

Methyl paraben (MP), which is used as a preservative in pharmaceutical and cosmetic (shampoo) products, foods and beverages, enters into the aquatic environment and can pose a potential fish health hazard. In this experiment, effects of MP were evaluated in adult male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing them to fractions (1/$143^{rd}$ to 1/29th) of the $LC_{50}$ dose with every change of water for 28 days. Vitellogenin induction, metabolic enzymes, somatic indices and bioaccumulation were studied at weekly intervals. The $96^{th}$ h $LC_{50}$ of MP in fingerlings was 120 mg/L. Compared to the control, except for increases (p<0.01) in alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and liver size, there were decreases (p<0.01) in activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), and testiculosomatic index following exposure to any dose of MP. Vitellogenin induction was significantly higher (p<0.01) in exposed than unexposed (control) fish. The bioaccumulation of MP in testis, liver, brain, gills and muscle tissues of fish increased significantly (p<0.01) with increase of dose from 0.84 ppm to 1.68 ppm. Dose and duration of exposure (p<0.01) indicated that an exposure period of 1 to 2 weeks was sufficient to cause changes in the quantifiable parameters studied. Fish exposed to 4.2 ppm MP became lethargic after the $26^{th}$ d. Histologically, degeneration, vacuolization and focal necrotic changes in liver and fibrosis-like changes in testicular tissue were noted.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2005

Electrochemical control of the metabolic flux of W. kimchii sk10 on glucose and pyruvate was studied. The growing cell of W. kimchii sk10 produced 87.4 mM lactate, 69.3 mM ethanol, and 4.9mM lactate from 83.1mM glucose under oxidation condition of the anode compartment, but 98.9 mM lactate, 84.3mM ethanol, and 0.2 mM acetate were produced from 90.8 mM glucose under reduction condition of the cathode compartment for 24 h, respectively. The resting cell of W. kimchii sk10 produced 15.9 mM lactate and 15.2 mM acetate from 32.1 mM pyruvate under oxidation condition of the anode compartment, and 71.3 mM lactate and 3.8 mM acetate from 79.8mM pyruvate under reduction condition of the cathode compartment. The redox balance (NADH/$NAD^+$) of metabolites electrochemically produced from pyruvate was 1.05 and 18.76 under oxidation and reduction conditions, respectively. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the neutral red (NR) immobilized in bacterial membrane can function as an electron channel for the electron transfer between electrode and cytoplasm without dissipation of membrane potential, and that the bacterial fermentation of W. kimchii sk10 can be shifted to oxidized or reduced pathways by the electrochemical oxidation or reduction, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.401-405
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• 1990

Maximum specific pro-UK production rate was achieved at 15 mllmin of perfusion rate as $5.7 \times 10^{-8}$ $\mu g$/h/cell by cytostatic cultivation of human cell line 579 with DMEM and 590 FBS. As perfusion rates were increased, glutamine uptake rates were also increased but ammonium production rates remained relatively constant, which resulted in low ratio of ammonium to glutamine at high perfusion rate. Partially it quantitatively explains why the productivity is increased in perfusion cultivations. At maintenance period of 15 days by controlling metabolic process, such as 5 mM of glucose, 2 mM of gtutamine, 10% of air saturation and pH 6.2, high speecific product production rate and product yield on substrate were obtained as $12\times 10^{-8}$$\mu g$/h/cell abd 0.226 mglg of glucose, respetively. This product yield corresponds to 0.223 mg/day of productivity at 10 mllmin of perfusion rate.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

Many inborn errors of metabolism can be completely cured with early detection and early treatment. This is why neonatal screening on inborn errors of metabolism is implemented worldwide. In 1991, the Ministry of Health & Social affairs adopted a nationwide service program for neonatal screening of phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia and congenital hypothyroidism for newborns delivered from low class pregnant women registered in health centers. Government decreased the test items from six to two, PKU and congenital hypothyroidism to increase test numbers with same budget from 1995. 78 laboratories wanted to participate for neonatal screening test in 1999. Government decided to screen six items of PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, galactosemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 2006. In 2014, thirteen laboratories are participating. Inter laboratory quality control was started 6 times a year from 1994. In case a patient with an inherited metabolic disease is diagnosed by screening of government program, special milk is provided at government's expense. According to the government project, from 1997 to 2013, 7,080,569 newborns were screened. 144 PKU, 2.451 congenital hypothyroidism were detected. So incidence of PKU is 1/49,170 and congenital hypothyroidism is 1/2,888. The cost benefit of performing screening procedures coupled with treatment has been estimated to be as high as 1.77 times in PKU, 11.11 times in congenital hypothyroidism than cost without screening. By January 2007, many European countries had expanded of their newborn screening programs by inclusion of Tandem mass spectrometry. We are trying to increase the budget to test all newborns for Tandem mass spectrometry from 2016. We are considering four to five central laboratories which cover all newborns and are equipped with tandem mass spectrometer & enzyme immunoassay for TSH, 17OHP & enzyme colorimetric assay for galactose. And I hope to expand test including Wilson disease screening test and lysosomal storage diseases.