• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.871-877
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• 2015

Deep-sea equipment such as underwater robots and unmanned submersible vehicles, include various machine components and sensors, and it is important that their reliabilities be tested before use in the fields. This is necessary because they are affected by complex extreme-environment conditions, such as high pressures, extreme temperatures, and tidal forces that are present in the deep sea. We require test equipment that can conduct empirical tests in conditions that mimic these complex oceanic environments. In this study, we propose specifications that should be met, and a design plan for the primary components, which should limit their use to a maximum water pressure of 2.0 MPa, water temperature of $5{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, and a maximum flow velocity of 2 m/s. in work-in type underwater combined environment test equipment and. We present test system development procedures to verify the reliability of products and systems used in deep-sea environments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.13
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• pp.107-118
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• 1973

Experiments were carried out to study the effectiveness of METAP as a slow released fertilizer on the growth, grain yield and its components of paddy rice, and to compare its effects with those of single fertilizers in the fields of 3 Crop Experiment Stations and 7 provincial Offices of Rural Development. The effectiveness of METAP seems to be different according to the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, the time of application, climatic conditions, variety and cultural methods. Therefore, the experimental results obtained from the above experiment are summurized as follows: 1. When METAP was applied into sandy soil, grain yield was increased due to increase of the number of panicles, and split application of METAP was more effective than basal only. However, in the reclaimed soil, not heavily percolated soil and fertile soil, no differences were observed between MET AP and single fertilizer applied plot. 2. When a rice variety, 'TONGIL' which is sensitive to the low temperature and produce higher yield in the early transplanting, was not transplanted early and air temperature is relatively lower during the ripening stage, the percentage of ripened grains and 1,000 grains weight were not higher in the METAP applied plots than in the single fertilizer applied plots.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 1999

Special nutritional foods are one category of processed foods. In this category, 5 different food standards are defined in the current rule of the Korean Food Code ; that is, infant formulae, complementary foods for infants and young children, foods nutrient supplementation, processed dietary fiber-based foods, and foods for special dietary uses. The major differences between the special dietary uses. The major difference between the special nutritional foods and the other processed foods is that the special nutritional foods are characterized by their dietary uses for specific population groups rather than food ingredients or manufacturing and processing techniques which characterize and distinguish most of other processed foods. Although several countries establish similar standards for this type of foods, they use different legal names such as foods for special dietary uses(U.S.A., CODEX, Japan), foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses(EC), or special purpose foods(Australia). In addition, there are some other differences in the definitions for these food types and categorization of food types among countries. The major difference in the definitions is the description of 'special dietary uses' by specifying certain population groups whose nutrient requirements are different from those of ordinary men due to physiological or physical conditions and therefore may not be sufficiently met by consuming ordinary foods. The categorization of this type of foods is based on the type of dietary uses in the other countries, whereas we include foods simply supplemented with nutrients or foods having certain components such as dietary fibers even if these foods types do not have special dietary sues. Recently, a revision of standards for special nutritional food has been proposed. However, the description of 'special dietary uses' is not clearly indicated in the definition, and some food types which should not be categorized into the special nutritional foods still remain in this category. In order to correct these problems, the standard of food labeling in the Food Safety Law needs to be revised along with revision of food standards in the Food Code.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.393-405
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to plan and apply simulation-based practice for raising the achievement of program outcomes (POs) in nursing students. Methods: Using convenience sampling, 95 nursing students participated in this descriptive study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to measure the achievement of POs (self-directed learning, problem-solving ability, critical thinking) and usefulness of curriculum in addition to observing tracheal suction skills using a checklist. Results: A scenario with a pneumonia patient was developed to observe tracheal suction skills during simulation-based practices. Self-directed learning, problem-solving ability, and critical thinking were then scored. The mean scores of performance skill, self-directed learning, problem-solving ability, critical thinking were $37.82{\pm}6.03$. $3.61{\pm}0.38$, $3.61{\pm}0.33$, and $3.73{\pm}0.32$, respectively. All students passed the simulation-based practice in terms of performance ability and met the required achievement level for the POs at this university. Students with good suction skills showed significant differences in problem identification (p=.044) and alternative development (p=.019), which are components of problem-solving ability, compared to students with only fair skills. Conclusion: These findings indicate that simulation-based practice related to an adult nursing respiratory course was useful for evaluating the achievement of POs in nursing students. Further study is needed to develop a universal method of outcome measurement.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.479-495
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• 2022

Purpose: Rodent models have emerged as an alternative to established larger animal models for peri-implantitis research. However, the construct validity of rodent models is controversial due to a lack of consensus regarding their histological, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. This systematic review sought to validate rodent models by characterizing their morphological changes, particularly marginal bone loss (MBL), a hallmark of peri-implantitis. Methods: This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was performed electronically using MEDLINE (PubMed), and Embase, identifying pre-clinical studies reporting MBL after experimental peri-implantitis induction in rodents. Each study's risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool. A meta-analysis was performed for the difference in MBL, comparing healthy implants to those with experimental peri-implantitis. Results: Of the 1,014 unique records retrieved, 23 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. Peri-implantitis was induced using 4 methods: ligatures, lipopolysaccharide, microbial infection, and titanium particles. Studies presented high to unclear risks of bias. During the osseointegration phase, 11.6% and 6.4%-11.3% of implants inserted in mice and rats, respectively, had failed to osseointegrate. Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis of the linear MBL measured using micro-computed tomography. Following experimental peri-implantitis, the MBL was estimated to be 0.25 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14-0.36 mm) in mice and 0.26 mm (95% CI, 0.19-0.34 mm) in rats. The resulting peri-implant MBL was circumferential, consisting of supra- and infrabony components. Conclusions: Experimental peri-implantitis in rodent models results in circumferential MBL, with morphology consistent with the clinical presentation of peri-implantitis. While rodent models are promising, there is still a need to further characterize their healing potentials, standardize experiment protocols, and improve the reporting of results and methodology.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.383-400
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• 2024

For a conventionally repaired frame-supported-transfer-slab (FSTS) reinforced concrete (RC) structure, both the transfer slab and the beam-to-column and transfer slab-to-column joints remain vulnerable to secondary earthquakes. Aimed at improving the seismic performance of a damaged FSTS RC structure, an innovative retrofitting scheme is proposed, which adopts the sector lead rubber dampers (SLRDs) at joints after the damaged FSTS RC structure is repaired by conventional approaches. In this paper, a series of quasi-static cyclic tests was conducted on a large-scale retrofitted FSTS RC structure. The seismic performance was evaluated and the key test results, including deformation characteristics, damage pattern, hysteretic behaviour, bearing capacity and strains on key components, were reported in detail. The test results indicated that the SLRDs started to dissipate energy under the service level earthquake, and thus prevented damages on the beam-to-column and transfer slab-to-column joints during the secondary earthquakes and shifted the plastic hinges away from the beam ends. The retrofitting scheme of using SLRDs also achieved the seismic design concept of 'strong joint, weak component'. The FSTS RC structure retrofitted by the SLRDs could recover more than 85% bearing capacity of its undamaged counterpart. The hysteresis curves were featured by the inverse "S" shape, indicating good bearing capacity and hysteresis performance. The deformation capacity of the damaged FSTS RC structure retrofitted by the SLRDs met the corresponding codified requirements for the case of the maximum considered earthquake, as set out in the Chinese seismic design code. The stability of the FSTS RC structure retrofitted by the SLRDs, which was revealed by the developed stains of the RC frame and transfer slab, was improved compared with the undamaged FSTS RC structure.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.35
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• pp.87-124
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• 2013

This paper studies changes in people's social security awareness during Lee Myung-Bak government, and based on the result, suggests future Park Geun-Hye government's social-security-related administration management plan. In specific, the changes in people's social security awareness in the period of 2008 ~ 2012 have been analyzed, and the result has been utilized to draw suggestions on the future social-security-related administration management plan The result is as the following: First, comprehensive social-security-related policy must be continuously pushed. In terms of the fact that social security is closely related to people's daily lives and life itself, every major component of social security cannot be overlooked. Therefore, comprehensive administration management and policies on each of those components are necessary. Second, social security policies must be reinforced enough for people to actually witness. In case of crime rate, 57.1% of people are pointing it as one of the main causes of social unrest; therefore, this national anxiety must be met with focusing awareness on the subject nation-widely and with thorough national defense preparedness. Third, mutual cooperation between social-security-related branches, and systematic management within the each branches are required. In order to systematically manage every aspect of social security, not only the big agencies - such as Ministry of Security and Public Administration, Ministry of National Defense, Prosecution Service, or National Police Agency -, but most of other parts of administration must cooperate as well. Fourth, consistency in social security policies is necessary. As Park Geun-Hye government's administrative slogans are, "secure and integrated society," "establishing a foundation for happy unification era," which are similar to that of previous administration, the administration should be consistent on its social-security-related politics, rather than differentiating themselves from the previous administration.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission's power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission's gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor's power was input in the transmission's input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.115-121
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• 1988

Although Saponin A from Panax ginseng has previously been shown to inhibit carageenin induced edema. a paucity of information exists on the effects of components from ginseng on the cellular inflammatory response. specifically polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function. The purpose of this study was 10 determine the effects of isolated neutral dammarane saponins from ginseng (i.e..glycosidic derivatives of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol [ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2$ and Rc] and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol [ginsenosides Re and $Rg_1$]) on in vivo PMNL function and to compare their effects with those produced by a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone) and commercially available saponin. Dexamethasone. the ginsenosides and saponin were all shown to he potent inhibitors of PMNL chemotaxis using the $^{51}Cr$ assay with $5{\times}10^{-8}M$ f-met-leu-phe [FMLP] as the chemoattractant. Inhibition or PMNL chemotaxis by dexamethasone. the ginsenosides and saponin were all shown to be both time-and dose-dependent and these agents did not affect cellular viability at the concentrations tested Saponin and the ginsenosides were more potent inhibitors of chemotaxis than was dexamethasone. while oxidant generation (as measured by the luminol-enhaneed chemil-uminescence of PMNL using FMNL $[10^{-6}]$ as the stimulus) was inhibited by dexamethasone. the ginsenosides $(Rb_1\;Rb_2\;Rc\;Re\;and\;Rg_1)$ and saponin at a concentration of 1 ${\mu}M$ had no significant effect on PMNL chemiluminescence. Thus. the neutral dammarane saponins are potentially important modulators or PMNL function and their inhibitory effects may he differentiated from those of the Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.407-421
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• 2016

This paper reports a meta-analysis of sixteen studies that evaluated the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for persistent primary insomnia. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL and several Korean databases were searched between January 2015 and June 2015. The main search strategy involved the terms that indicate CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Insomnia) and presence of insomnia. Methodological quality was assessed using Cochrane's Risk of Bias. Data were analyzed by the RevMan 5.3 program of Cochrane Library. Sixteen clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, resulting in a total of 1503 participants. Stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene education, and cognitive restructuring were the main treatment components. CBT-I was conducted for a mean of 5.4 weeks, 5.5 sessions, and an average of 90 minutes per session. The effects of CBT-i on total sleep time (d=-0.31), sleep onset latency (d=-0.29), awakening time after sleep onset (d=-0.55), sleep efficiency (d=-0.70), insomnia severity (d=-0.77) and sleep belief (d=-0.64) were significant. Overall, we found a range from small to moderate effect size. CBT-I also was effective for anxiety (d=-0.30) and depression (d=-0.35). The findings demonstrate that CBT-I interventions will lead to the improvement of both sleep quality and quantity in patients with insomnia.