• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.301-311
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• 2021

The technological advancements of the last two decades directed the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT enables billions of devices to connect through the internet and share their information and resources on a global level. These devices can be anything, from smartphones to embedded sensors. The main purpose of IoT is to make devices capable of achieving the desired goal with minimal to no human intervention. Although it hascome as a social and economic blessing, it still brought forward many security risks. This paper focuses on providing a survey of the most commonly used application layer protocols in the IoT domain, namely, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). MQTT, AMQP, and XMPP use TCP for device-to-device communication, while CoAP utilizes UDP to achieve this purpose. MQTT and AMQP are based on a publish/subscribe model, CoAP uses the request/reply model for its structuring. In addition to this, the quality of service provision of MQTT, AMQP, and CoAP is not very high, especially when the deliverance of messages is concerned. The selection of protocols for each application is very a tedious task.This survey discusses the architectures, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each of these protocols. The main contribution of this work is to describe each of the aforementioned application protocols in detail as well as providing their thorough comparative analysis. This survey will be helpful to the developers in selecting the protocol ideal for their system and/or application.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 정전류 회로와 전압 강하법을 이용한 접촉 저항 측정 회로의 정밀도를 개선하는 방법을 제안하고, MQTT 브로커 서버를 통해 접촉 저항 측정 시스템의 측정값을 모니터링할 수 있는 대시보드를 구현한다. 접촉 저항 측정 시스템은 저항값을 측정하고 무선통신을 이용해 MQTT 브로커 서버로 측정값을 전달하고, 대시보드는 Node-RED와 Node-RED-Dashboard을 이용하여 최대 4개의 접촉저항 측정 시스템의 저항값을 받아 이를 사용자 화면에 출력하여 보여준다. 사용자는 하나의 대시보드를 이용해 복수의 측정 데이터를 관리할 수 있고, MQTT 브로커 서버를 통해 다른 장치와 쉽게 인터페이스 가능하게 한다. 실제 데이터 측정을 통해 정밀도 상대표준편차가 평균적으로 40.37%, 그리고 최대 64.73% 각각 감소하여 정밀도의 개선 효과가 있다.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2021

Dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature are the most important factors for fish farming because they affect fish growth and mass mortality of the fish. Therefore, fish farm workers must always check all pools on the farm, but this is very difficult in reality. That's why we developed a control system for smart fish farms. This system includes a gateway, sensor gatherers, and a PC program using LabVIEW. One sensor gatherer can cover up to four pools. The sensor gatherers are connected to the gateway in the form of a bus. For the gateway, the ATmega2560 is used as the main processor for communication and the STM32F429 is used as a sub-processor for displaying LCD. For the sensor gatherer, ATmega2560 is used as the main processor for communication. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), RS-485, and Zigbee are used as the communication protocols in the control system. The users can control the temperature and the dissolved oxygen using the PC program. The commands are transferred from the PC program to the gateway through the MQTT protocol. When the gateway gets the commands, it transfers the commands to the appropriate sensor gatherer through RS-485 and Zigbee.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2022년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.92-93
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• 2022

스마트 팩토리의 중요성이 강조됨에 따라, 스마트 팩토리 구축을 위해 산업용 Ethernet 기반 장치의 활용이 증가할 것으로 전망되고 있다. PROFINET은 SIEMENS사에서 개발한 산업용 이더넷 프로토콜이며, 현재 다수의 스마트 팩토리가 PROFINET 기반 제품으로 구축되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 산업용 사물인터넷(Industrial IoT) 기반의 다양한 서비스 개발 및 활용을 위해 PROFINET 기반의 제조 장비에서 각종 센서 데이터 및 정보를 수집하여 엣지 컴퓨터로 데이터를 전송할 수 있는 IIoT 디바이스가 필요하며, IIoT의 주요 메시징 프로토콜인 MQTT(Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)를 활용한 데이터 수집 IIoT 디바이스 개발 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.76-85
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• 2024

본 논문에서는 Hyperledger Indy와 MQTT를 결합하여 가상환경에서의 IoT(Internet of Things) 디바이스의 데이터 무결성을 높이는 시스템을 제안한다. 이 시스템은 발행-구독(pub/sub) 패턴의 통신에서 분산형 네트워크를 활용한 DPKI(Decentralized Public Key Infrastructure) 구조를 실현하여 중앙집중형 시스템의 한계를 보완한다. IoT 디바이스의 데이터 무결성을 보장하기 위해 디지털 서명 기술을 적용하였고 클라이언트, IoT 디바이스, 브로커, 블록체인의 네 가지 핵심 요소 간의 통신 시나리오와 분산 식별자(Decentralized Identifier)를 활용한 토픽 구조를 통해 가상 환경에서 안전화고 투명한 데이터 교환을 위한 체계적인 방법을 제시한다. 본 논문은 제안된 시스템의 성능을 입증하기 위해 네 가지 시나리오에 대해서 실험을 수행하고 가상환경에서의 통신 성능을 평가하였다. 실험 결과 제안된 시스템이 가상환경에서 신뢰성 있는 IoT 데이터 통신구조를 제공함을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2022

Minimization of human casualties in disaster situations is of paramount importance. In particular, if a marine disaster occurs, it can be directly connected to human casualties, so prompt action is needed. In the event of a marine disaster, the route and location of movement should be identified and life tubes should be used to float on the water. This paper designs and proposes an emergency IoT notification system that can quickly rescue drowning people. The maritime emergency IoT notification system consists of four main types. First, an emergency IoT device that detects the expansion of the life tube and delivers location and situation information to the emergency IoT notification server. Second, an emergency IoT web server that manages emergency information and provides notification. Third, a database server that stores and manages emergency IoT notification information. And finally, an emergency notification app that can receive and respond to emergency notification information. The emergency IoT device consists of a TPMS(Tube Pressure Monitoring System) device that checks the pressure value of the TPMS in real time and sends it to the IoT device, and an IoT device that sends the rescuer's voice information and emergency information to the emergency IoT server. Emergency information is delivered using the MQTT(Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol, and voice information is delivered to the IoT server as HTTP FormData.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1563-1570
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• 2018

사물인터넷 기술은 다양한 제품 서비스를 통해 우리생활 곳곳에서 빠르게 현실화되고 있으며, 특히 스마트 홈 분야에서의 제품 개발이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 다양한 스마트 홈 제품들을 제어하기 위한 컨트롤러는 대부분 스마트폰 앱을 사용한다. 그러나 스마트폰 앱은 지능화와 편의성을 강조하는 스마트 홈 서비스와 상반되어 스마트 홈 컨트롤러로 적절하지 않다. 지능적인 스마트 홈 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 디바이스의 통합적인 제어가 가능하면서 보다 직관적인 형태의 컨트롤러가 필요한 상황이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 사물인터넷 디바이스 및 서비스를 제어할 수 있는 스마트 홈 리모컨을 제안한다. 제안하는 스마트 홈 리모컨은 IFTTT(If This Then That) 자동화 서비스 플랫폼을 통해 사용자가 직접 서비스를 구축 할 수 있는 환경을 제공한다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.452-460
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• 2019

Background: Monitoring and control of PM_2.5 are being recognized as key to address health issues attributed to PM_2.5. Availability of low-cost PM_2.5 sensors made it possible to introduce a number of portable PM_2.5 monitors based on light scattering to the consumer market at an affordable price. Accuracy of light scatteringe-based PM_2.5 monitors significantly depends on the method of calibration. Static calibration curve is used as the most popular calibration method for low-cost PM_2.5 sensors particularly because of ease of application. Drawback in this approach is, however, the lack of accuracy. Methods: This study discussed the calibration of a low-cost PM_2.5-monitoring device (PMD) to improve the accuracy and reliability for practical use. The proposed method is based on construction of the PM_2.5 sensor network using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at government-authorized PM monitoring station (GAMS) in the republic of Korea. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms such as support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting were used as regression models to calibrate the PMD measurements of PM_2.5. Performance of each ML algorithm was evaluated using stratified K-fold cross-validation, and a linear regression model was used as a reference. Results: Based on the performance of ML algorithms used, regression of the output of the PMD to PM_2.5 concentrations data available from the GAMS through web query was effective. The extreme gradient boosting algorithm showed the best performance with a mean coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.78 and standard error of 5.0 ㎍/㎥, corresponding to 8% increase in R² and 12% decrease in root mean square error in comparison with the linear regression model. Minimum 100 hours of calibration period was found required to calibrate the PMD to its full capacity. Calibration method proposed poses a limitation on the location of the PMD being in the vicinity of the GAMS. As the number of the PMD participating in the sensor network increases, however, calibrated PMDs can be used as reference devices to nearby PMDs that require calibration, forming a calibration chain through MQTT protocol. Conclusions: Calibration of a low-cost PMD, which is based on construction of PM_2.5 sensor network using MQTT protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at a GAMS, significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of a PMD, thereby making practical use of the low-cost PMD possible.