International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security

International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security (국제컴퓨터통신보호논문지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Survey of Application Layer Protocols of Internet of Things

  • bibi, Nawab (Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, The University of Lahore) ;
  • Iqbal, Faiza (Department of Software Engineering, The University of Lahore) ;
  • Akhtar, Salwa Muhammad (Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, The University of Lahore) ;
  • Anwar, Rabia (Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, The University of Lahore) ;
  • bibi, Shamshad (Minhaj University)
  • Received : 2021.11.05
  • Published : 2021.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The technological advancements of the last two decades directed the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT enables billions of devices to connect through the internet and share their information and resources on a global level. These devices can be anything, from smartphones to embedded sensors. The main purpose of IoT is to make devices capable of achieving the desired goal with minimal to no human intervention. Although it hascome as a social and economic blessing, it still brought forward many security risks. This paper focuses on providing a survey of the most commonly used application layer protocols in the IoT domain, namely, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). MQTT, AMQP, and XMPP use TCP for device-to-device communication, while CoAP utilizes UDP to achieve this purpose. MQTT and AMQP are based on a publish/subscribe model, CoAP uses the request/reply model for its structuring. In addition to this, the quality of service provision of MQTT, AMQP, and CoAP is not very high, especially when the deliverance of messages is concerned. The selection of protocols for each application is very a tedious task.This survey discusses the architectures, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each of these protocols. The main contribution of this work is to describe each of the aforementioned application protocols in detail as well as providing their thorough comparative analysis. This survey will be helpful to the developers in selecting the protocol ideal for their system and/or application.

Keywords

References

  1. Karagiannis,V., Chatzimisios,P., Vazquez-Gallego,F., & Alonso-Zarate,J.:A Survey on Application Layer Protocols for the Internet of Things. Transaction on IoT and Cloud Computing, 1(1), 9-18 (2015)
  2. Guner, A., Kurtel, K., &Celikkan, U. (2017, October). A message broker based architecture for context aware IoT application development. In International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK) (pp. 233-238). Antalya, Turkey: IEEE.
  3. Suresh, P., Daniel, J. V., Parthasarathy, V., &Aswathy, R. H. (2014, November). A state of the art review on the Internet of Things (IoT) history, technology and fields of deployment. In International conference on science engineering and management research (ICSEMR) (pp. 1-8). Chennai, India: IEEE.
  4. Alseady, S., Baz, A., Alsubait, T., Alarabi, L.,& Alhakami, H.:Towards Security Challenges to Internet-of-Things: Big Data, Networks, and Applications. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol.20(11), pp. 131-141.(2020)
  5. Bendel, S., Springer, T., Schuster, D., Schill, A., Ackermann,R., & Ameling,M.. A Service Infrastructure for the Internet of Things based on XMPP. In IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops (PERCOM Workshops) (pp. 385-388). San Diego, USA: IEEE. (2013)
  6. Mitra,J. (2018). Internet of Things - A review of the Architecture of Networking and Communication Protocols. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research (IJSDR), 3(5), 229-245.
  7. Bassole, D., Kabore, K. K., Traore, Y., Sie, O., & Sta, H. B. (2019). Design and implementation of secure communication protocols for Internet of Things systems. 2019 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Casablanca, Morocco, 2019, pp. 112-117.
  8. Babu, B.S., Srikanth, K., Ramanjaneyulu, T., & Narayana, I.L. (2016). IoT for Healthcare. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(2), 2319-7064. https://doi.org/10.21275/v5i5.NOV164000
  9. Colitti, W., Steenhaut, K., & De-Caro, N. (2011). Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks with the Web. In Proc. Extending the Internet to Low power and Lossy Networks (IP+SN) (pp. 32-36). Chicago, IL: IEEE.
  10. Lampkin, L., Leong, W.T., Olivera, L., Rawat, S., Subrahmanyam, N., & Xiang, R. (2012). Building Smarter Planet Solutions with MQTT and IBM WebSphere MQ Telemetry Austin, TX: IBM Redbooks
  11. Deschambault, O., Gherbi, A., &Legare, C. (2017). Efficient implementation of the MQTT protocol for embedded systems. JIPS (Journal of Information Processing Systems), 13(1), 26-39.
  12. Kashyap, M., Sharma, V., & Gupta, N. (2018). Taking MQTT and NodeMCU to IOT: Communication in Internet of Things. In Procedia Comput. Sci. (vol.132, pp.1611-1618). Amsterdam,NL: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.05.126
  13. Pipatsakulroj, W., Visoottiviseth, V., &Takano, R. (2017). muMQ: A lightweight and scalable MQTT broker.In IEEE International Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN) (pp. 1-6). Osaka, Japan: IEEE.
  14. Al-Fuqah, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications. IEEE Communication Surveys Tutorials ,17(4), 2347-2376. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095
  15. da Silva, A. C. F., Breitenbucher, U., Kepes, K., Kopp, O., &Leymann, F. (2016, November). OpenTOSCA for IoT: automating the deployment of IoT applications based on the mosquitto message broker. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Internet of Things (pp. 181-182). Stuttgart, Germany: ACM.
  16. Santos, R. (2017). What is MQTT and how it works. Retrieved from: https://randomnerdtutorials.com/what-is-mqtt-and-how-it-works
  17. Snyder, B., Bosanac, D., & Davies, R. (2011). Active MQ in Action. New York, USA: Manning Publications.
  18. Jamin, A., Fasquel, J.B., Lhommeau, M., Cornet, E., Abadie-Lacourtoisie, S., Henni, S., & Leftheriotis, G. (2016). An Aggregation Plateform for IoT-Based Healthcare: Illustration for Bioimpedancemetry, Temperature and Fatigue Level Monitoring. Internet of Things Technologies for HealthCare, 1(2), 125-130.
  19. Minteer, A. (2017). Analytics for the Internet of Things (IoT). Retrieved from: https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/analytics-forthe/9781787120730/e86ff73d-7e8c-4eda9890-0ceebbadcf78.xhtml
  20. Salman, T., & Jain, R. (2016). Networking Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things. Retrieved from: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse570-15/ftp/iotprot/index.html
  21. Rahman, R.A., & Shah, B. (2016). Security analysis of IoT protocols: A focus in CoAP. In 3rd MEC International Conference on Big Data and Smart City (ICBDSC) (pp. 1-7). Muscat, Oman: IEEE.
  22. Nastase, L. (2017). Security in the Internet of Things: A Survey on Application Layer Protocols. In 21st International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS) (pp. 659-666). Bucharest, RO: IEEE.
  23. Chen, X. (2014). Constrained Application Protocol for Internet of Things. Retrieved from: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse57414/ftp/coap/index.html
  24. Minteer, A. (2019). Analytics for the Internet of Things (IoT). Retrieved from https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/analytics-forthe/9781787120730/ee557386-c97f-48ee82c8-625b495fffba.xhtml.
  25. Bellavista, P., & Zanni, A. (2016). Towards better scalability for IoT-cloud interactions via combined exploitation of MQTT and CoAP. In IEEE 2nd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI) (pp. 1-6). Bologna, Italy: IEEE.
  26. Bazzani, M., Conzon,D., Scalera,A., & Trainito,C.I. (2012). Enabling the IoT paradigm in e-health solutions through the VIRTUS middleware. In IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (pp. 1954-1959). Washington, DC: IEEE.
  27. Subramoni, H., Marsh,G., Narravula,S. ,PingLai, & Panda,D.K. (2008). Design and evaluation of benchmarks for financial applications using Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) over InfiniBand. In Workshop on High Performance Computational Finance (pp. 01-08). Austin, TX: IEEE.
  28. Sharma, C., & Gondhi, D. N. K. (2018). Communication Protocol Stack for Constrained IoT Systems. In 3rd International Conference on Internet of Things: Smart Innovation and Usages (IoT-SIU) (pp. 01-06). Nainital, Uttarakhand: IEEE
  29. Nie, P. (2006). An open standard for instant messaging: eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). In Seminar on Internet working, (pp. 1-6). Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology.
  30. Malik, M.I, McAteer, I.N., Hannay, P., Syed, N.F., & Zubair, B. (2018). XMPP architecture and security challenges in an IoT ecosystem. In proceedings of the 16th Australian Information Security Management Conference (pp. 62-73).
  31. Veeramanikandan, M., Sanakarana, S. (2019). Publish/subscribe based multitier edge computational model in internet of things for latency reduction. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 12(7), 18-27.