• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2018

To fly a drone or unmanned aerial vechicle(UAV) safely, its pilot needs to maintain high situation awareness of its flight space. One of the important ways to improve the flight space awareness is to integrate both the global and the local navigation map a drone provides. However, the drone pilot often has to use the inconsistent reference frames or perspectives between the two maps. In specific, the global navigation map tends to display space information in the third-person perspective, whereas the local map tends to use the first-person perspective through the drone camera. This inconsistent perspective problem makes the pilot use mental rotation to align the different perspectives. In addition, integrating different dimensionalities (2D vs. 3D) of the two maps may aggravate the pilot's cognitive load of mental rotation. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relation between perspective difference ($0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$) and the map dimensionality matches (3D-3D vs. 3D-2D) to improve the way of integrating the two maps. The results show that the pilot's flight space awareness improves when the perspective differences are smaller and also when the dimensionalities between the two maps are matched.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(3)
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• pp.29-32
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• 2001

In this paper, we applied the high-performance PGAP(Parallel Genetic Algorithm Processor) to recognizing rotated pattern. In order to perform this research efficiently, we used Multi-PGAP system consisted of four PGAP. In addition, we used mental rotation based on the rotated pattern recognition mechanism of human to reduce the number of operation. Also, we experimented with distinguishing specific pattern from similar coin patterns and determine rotated angle between patterns. The result showed that the development of future artificial recognition system is feasible by employing high performance PGAPS.

• 아동학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.47-59
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• 2005

The Early Life Problems Scale consisting of 5-point rating for each item was prepared from the results of a questionnaire of 163 items with two sub scales constructed on the basis of Diagnostic Classification: 0-3. Respondents were 361 parents with newborn to 3-year-old children (197 boys and 164 girls). Hypothetical constructs of mental and developmental problems were identified by exploratory factor analysis. The resulting 22 factors explained 58.5% and 72.9% of the common variance for scales I and II, respectively. The rotation procedure yielded 134 items of which 118 had factor loadings of more than .30. Face validity was obtained on the basis of 18 items. The coefficients of correlation between and within factors suggest that there are interrelationships. The reliability of total scales by Cronbach's Alpha was relatively high.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2015

Mathematical, spatial, and verbal abilities are important for future engineers to succeed in the STEM disciplines. The purpose of the study is to assess engineering students' spatial abilities and analyse the relationship with mathematical achievement, verbal achievement, and gender. On the mental rotation tests, 65% of male students demonstrated a substantial level of spatial abilities. But only 30% of female students exhibited spatial skills at the same level as their male colleagues. The correlations between mathematical - spatial - verbal abilities are found to be negligible. When spatial visualization ability was plotted according to the mathematical achievement level, there was no difference in the mean spatial abilities score. But when mathematical achievement score was plotted according to the spatial abilities, there was a noticeable difference. Regression analysis confirmed that female students' mathematical achievement increased as spatial abilities improved. This phenomenon was not observed for male students. It's because male students' spatial ability already contributed to their mathematics achievement. So spatial ability can be regarded as one factor for the gender differences in mathematics achievement. The gender gap on spatial abilities and math achievement is large among high achieving students. For example, there was a 4.3 to 1 male - female ratio and 3.4 to 1 male - female ratio among students scoring 99th percentile in spatial visualization test and scholastic aptitude test-math.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.358-370
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the mental model and the depictive gestures observed in the explanations of elementary school students about the reason why seasons change. As a result of analysis in gestures of each mental model, mental model was remembered as "motion" in case of CM-type, and showed more "Exphoric" gestures that expressed gesture as a language. CF type is remembered in "writings or pictures," and metaphoric gestures were used when explaining some alternative concepts. CF-UM type explained with language in detail, and showed a number of gestures with "Lexical." Analyzing depictive gestures, even with sub-categories such as rotation, revolution and meridian altitude, etc., a great many types of gestures were expressed such as indicating with fingers, palms, arms, ball-point pens, and fists, etc., or drawing, spinning and indicating them. We could check up concept understandings of the students through this. In addition, as we analyzed inconsistencies among external representations such as verbal language and gesture, writing and gesture, and picture and gesture, we realized that gestures can help understanding mental models of the students, and sometimes, we could know that information that cannot be shown by linguistic explanations or pictures was expressed in gestures. Additionally, we looked into two research participants that showed conspicuous differences. One participant seemed to be wrong as he used his own expressions, but he expressed with gestures precisely, while the other participant seemed to be accurate, but when he analyzed gestures, he had whimsical concepts.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.359-388
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• 2012

본 연구는 공간 감각의 하위 요인 틀을 추출하고, 이를 기초로 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 학생들의 공간 감각 실태를 조사하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 이론적 고찰을 바탕으로 공간 감각을 정신적 회전, 정신적 변환, 도형 배경 지각으로 이루어진 공간 시각화 능력과 방향 감각, 거리 감각, 위치 감각으로 이루어진 공간 방향 능력으로 구분하고, 공간 감각 검사 도구를 개발하여, 수도권에 소재한 5개 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 423명을 대상으로 학생들의 실태를 조사하고, 하위 요인별 및 문항별 정답률 및 정답과 오답에 대한 반응 분포를 제시하고, 대응 표본-t 검정, ANOVA 분석과 다중 비교 분석을 통해 학년 간 및 학년별 차이를 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 첫째, 학년에 따른 공간 감각은 향상되나 공간 시각화 능력의 상승폭이 공간 방향 능력보다 훨씬 크고 그 순위가 역전되고, 둘째, 공간 감각 하위 요인 중 특히 부족한 부분은 정신적 변환과 위치 감각이며, 셋째, 요인별 및 문항별 학년 간 유의미한 차이는 대부분 학습 경험에 기인하지만, 자연적 인지 발달 능력 및 문항의 복합성에도 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 기초로 공간 감각 교수 학습에의 시사점을 제안하였다.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.571-598
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 공간 과제에서 학생들이 사용하는 공간 인지 전략의 유형과 역할을 살펴보고자 Shepard & Metzler(1971)의 심적 회전 검사(mental rotation test)를 토대로 시각적 변별과 기억 능력을 측정하는 두가지 공간 과제를 개발하여, 초등학교 6학년 학생 63명을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 학생들은 접근 방법 측면에서 전체적 접근 전략과 부분적 접근 전략을, 처리 방법 측면에서 심상적 처리 전략과 분석적 처리 전략을, 준거 기준 측면에서 대상 변환 전략과 관점 변환 전략을 사용하였다. 사용 전략에 따른 검사 점수를 비교한 결과 접근 방법 측면에서는 부분적 접근 전략을 사용한 집단이, 처리 방법 측면에서는 분석적 처리 전략을 사용한 집단이, 준거 기준 측면에서는 관점 변환 전략을 사용한 집단의 검사점수가 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 이러한 전략은 변별 과제보다 재인 과제에서, 복잡도가 낮은 문항보다는 복잡도가 높은 문항에서 더 빈번하게 사용되었다. 따라서 부분적 접근전략, 분석적 처리 전략, 관점 변환 전략은 인지적 노력이 많이 요구되는 문제 상황에서 체계적으로 문제를 해결하도록 돕는 유용한 전략임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.123-149
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• 1991

This study has been attempted to be helpful for the back rehabilization of Korean workers by analyzing the general, occupational, social aspects of low back pain and to identify possible risk factors for back pain in White and Blue collar workers. The primary data were collected from 380 workers in Seoul city by means of a Questionnaire with random which was distributed from March 10 to 31, 1990. For the test of statistical significance, chi-square analysis was used to compare the back pain characteristics between above two groups. The results were as follows : 1. The incidence of low back pain in all walkers studied was $79.7\%$. The incidence of Blue collar with low back pain $(87.2\%)$ was higher than that of White collars $(75.0\%)$. 2. With regard to the relationship of back pain to the occupational characteristics, statistically significant differences were observed between workers with and without back pain concerning the job factors on work-time, job satisfaction, mental stress, chair fittness, work posture, work rotation, weight lifting, monotonous repetitive movements, vibration, and heavy noise (p<0.05). 3. With regard to the relationship of back pain to the social characteristics, there were no differences with respect to having car, personality types, drinking habits, and leisure-time activities. However, significant differences were showed between no pain and pain groups for the using bed, sleeping posture, traffic time amount, walking health state, smoking habits, and physical exercise (p<0.05). 4. The comparative analysis of back pain related to work factors showed highly significant differences with respect to mental stress, chair fittness, work posture, trunk rotation, weight lifting, monotonous repetitive work in White collar group (p<0.01) ; and job satisfaction, mental stress, trunk rotation, weight lifting, monotonus repetitive work, exposure to vibration and heavy noise in Blue collar group(p<0.01). 5. The comparative analysis of social factors in two groups showed differences with respect to the using bed, sleeping posture, walking amount, health state, physical exercise, smoking habits in White cellar group (p<0.05) ; and walking amount, traffic time amount, health state, smoking habits, physical exercise in Blue cellar group (p<0.05). 6. In regard to the general aspects of back pain between two groups, there were differences concerning etiolgy of back pain, counselling partners, treatment types, and sick-leaves(p<0.05), except pain duration, and awareness of back pain.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제20권
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• pp.115-135
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• 2007

This study explored how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation relates to achieving creativity at project work. We were interested in differences in how motivational factors relate to creativity. Using data from the 98 engineers and researchers employed by a variety of companies, principal components factor analysis with marimax rotation was performed on the data. We examined effects of the moderate variables the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and creativity relationship. The results indicate of positive mental involvement, the time and the resource constraints relates positively to creativity in organizations and that the relationship is a simple linear one. These outcomes are significantly related to intrinsic motivation and the creativity. In additions, extrinsic motivation is related to less the creativity. Our survey findings are also consistent with other sources of knowledge on the topic. Our results suggest that there are two different role: mental involvement, time and resources constraints, both of which predict creativity, and external control and extrinsic motivations reduce to creativity.

• 인지과학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.103-121
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• 2011

본 연구는 초기 화면의 차원 정보와 초기-검사 화면의 차원 일치 여부가 목표 대상이 $0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$로 회전하는 상황에서 참가자들의 위치 탐색 수행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 보고자 했다. 실험 결과, 초기 화면이 2차원으로 제시되었을 때 참가자들의 수행 정확도가 높았고, 특히 3차원 초기 화면의 경우 검사 화면과 차원이 일치할 때 위치 정보의 심적 회전이 요구되는 상황에서 위치 탐색에 어려움을 겪는 것을 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 운전 상황과 같이 보조 자료로부터 위치 정보를 얻는 것과 동시에 운전자의 위치와 방향이 변하는 경우, 실제와 시각적으로 유사하게 설계된 3차원 자료보다는 정확한 위치 정보를 제공하는 2차원의 자료가 유리할 수 있음을 시사한다.