• 복식문화연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.387-410
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to approach to the internal meanings included in the Happening and the culture of hippies, by analysing the basic mental conditions in the process of the Happening. And this study was composed of the concept and the development of Happening, the characteristics of the hippies that related in the midst of the happening's background, and the formativeness between these factors and hippies'fashion. Since the happening a genre of fine arts expression attended the New School for social research in New York in 1954, Allan Kaprow direct-influenced by John Cage used the word 'Hapening'first, practicing '18 Happenings in 6 parts'at the Rueben gallery in 1959. Kaprow's 18 Happenings was one of the earliest opportunities for a wider public to attend the live events that several artists had performed more privately for various friends. Despite the very different sensibilities and structures of artist's works, artists were all thrown together by the press under the general heading of 'Happening', following Kaprow's 18 Happenings. Being considered as the root of the Happening 'Expression of Sound'of John Cage was the discovery of the exisiting thing- the Happening. Most artists were to be deeply influenced by Cage's theories and attitudes-that is, his sympathy for Zen Buddihism and oriental philosophy-and by reports of the Black Mountain events. These events would directly reflect contemporary painting and stemmed from the Futurists, Dadaists and Surrealists. And Happening's development background was based on the culture of hippies. Swinging London had been under the sway of psychedelic drugs and utopian visions of 'hippie'wave sweeping in from Califonia. This wave, which affected solid middle-class youth first and formost, began in Haight Ashbury in San Francisco. Without dwelling on the hippie movement here, it is worth nothing that it resulted from the convergence of several undercurrents : consciousness-expending drugs, the anti-Vietnam war developments, the impact of English pop groups on American music and the rise of protest songs, and finally the beatnik tradition of non-conformism. Hippie culture and its pursuit of love, peace and psychedelia was the antitheses of 1960s main street fashion. The media gave everyone with long hair the label of 'hippie', but it was always a very loose collage of attitudes and styles. The rejection of sexual taboos was conveyed by the hippie's refusal to wear. Although the bold exposure of body raised controversies because it went against the existing moral values, it has a significant implications. Psychedelics brought mind-expansion and the possibillity that modern technology (light show, synthesized electronic sounds), new fabrics or colors, and LSD could be utilized to provide an escape route from the dreariness of modern life. During the 1960s, traditional costumes, many of which had never been seen outside their native regions, became sought after and adopted in the West, initially by the young, who wanted to demonstrate their solidarity with cultures uncontaminated by mass industry. The most ardent proponents of such folk costumes were the hippies. Hippies dress was sometimes decribed as 'anti-fashion', produced by a patchwork of ragged cast-offs and flamboyant accessories, of outmoded Western dress and time-honored ethnic garments all combined, modified and permutated into variety of personal statements. 'Flower Power'became a reality. From the results of this study, we can see the expanding trend of the influence and the concept of the sew art genre 'Happening'in the formativeness as well as the fine arts field.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.933-942
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• 1997

There has recently been an increased interest in women's health from, various disciplines, with different perspectives presented according to each profession's academic background. This has led to many instances of incorrectly defining, or misinterpretation, of the issues even among professionals. Nurse scholars as well as practitioners who work in women's health care need to have a clear conceptual understanding of women's health in order to build a body of knowledge, delineate curricular activities, and set directions for professional nursing interventions. In addition, a conceptual model that may be directly utilized in practice is needed to maintain and promote women's health issues. The purpose of this study was to apply a Hybrid model, analyzing conceptual definitions and discussions related to women's health gathered from review of the literature. Further to compare analyticals the concepts and properties observed from field work, so as to present a final definition of women's health and, build a conceptual framework for a united comprehensive perspective on the concept as well as on nursing practice. Data collection and analysis consisted of a theoretical stage, field work stage, and final analysis. A heterogeneous group of professionals and lay persons, 39 in all, participated in the field work. Study findings Include several subconcepts under the concept of women's health : a woman's whole life, holistic health, quality of life, awareness of being a woman, individual nursing, self care ability, reproductive health, and family health. Thus, a comprehensive definition was built, 1. e., "Women's health care be defined as improvement in the quality of life of women through attainment of holistic health throughout the life span. With reproductive health at the core, the concept is directly related to family and national health, and includes taking care of one's own health based on awareness of being a woman and utilizing self care activities. Women's health care issues are unique and allow various responses, therefore women's health professionals need to apply individual approaches to reach solutions in attaining holistic health and improving quality of life." The constructual factors of women's health were found to be reproductive functions, diseases more common in woman, self actualization, mental health, women's health policies, sexuality, midlife changes, and marital relations, with each factor having more than three properties. Positive factors affecting women's health were found to be a normal childbearing process, a healthy lifestyle, active health management, health information, support, and resources, and interpersonal relationships. Negative factors were found to be overwhelming role stress, cultural oppression, gender inequality, distorted sexual identity, economic difficulties, misuse and/or abuse of substances, and stress. The model of women's health may be visualized as a balance scale set upon a woman's life, supporting 4 concentric circles. The innermost circle and second circle incorporate conceptual definitions of women's health, and the outer two circles represent the constructional factors and properties of women's health. Each circle has its own color that symbolizes the conceptual meaning. Positive and negative factors are represented as weights at either end of the scale, and are affected by nursing intervention, i. e., health and wellness increase when positive factors are stronger, whereas disease and illness increase when negative factors are stronger. This model is only a preliminary effort and requires much discussion and testing to be further developed. Continuous research is also required.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.242-246
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• 2013

Purpose: Reoperations after gastrectomy for gastric cancer are performed for many types of complications. Unexpected reoperations may cause mental, physical, and financial problems for patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the causes of reoperations and to develop a strategic decision-making process for these reoperations. Materials and Methods: From September 2002 through August 2010, 6,131 patients underwent open conventional gastrectomy operations at Samsung Medical Center. Of these, 129 patients (2.1%) required reoperation because of postoperative complications. We performed a retrospective analysis of the patients using an electronic medical record review. Statistical data were analyzed to compare age, sex, stage, type of gastrectomy, length of operation, size of tumor, and number of lymph node metastasis between patients who had been operated and those who had not. Results: The variables of age, sex, tumor stage, type of gastrectomy, length of operation, and number of lymph node metastases did not differ between the 2 groups. However, the mean tumor size in the reoperation group was greater than that in the non-reoperation group ($5.0{\pm}3.7$ [standard deviation] versus $4.1{\pm}2.9$, P=0.007). The leading cause of reoperation was surgical-site infection (n=49, 0.79%). Patients with intra-abdominal bleeding were operated on again in the shortest period after the initial gastrectomy ($6.3{\pm}4.2$ days). Patients with incisional hernia were not reoperated on until after $208.3{\pm}81.0$ days, the longest postoperative period. Conclusions: Tumor size was the major variable leading to reoperation after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. The most common complication requiring the reoperation was a surgical site-related complication.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.217-245
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• 2007

This research work was aimed at assisting isolated children to adapt their school life having examined the process of their changes by reducing isolation level and isolative behavior through means of implementing group art therapy program. To accomplish this purpose of research, 36 participants were selected from children attending Class 6, 4th Grade of D Elementary School located in Dajeon Metropolitan City, to which researcher was served as homeroom teacher. And the participants were asked to complete a survey that included social and emotional isolation scale test which was designed by Heh Sung-hee(1993) and 4 children marked more than 96 points were designated as isolated children. The group art therapy program exercised in this research was the one that reorganized by research to suit the research purpose based on the precedent works, and survey was conducted total 12 times, two time a week, within 60 minutes per time, between 6 September and 24 October 2006, and researcher conducted group art therapy program directly at Class 6, 4th Grade of D Elementary School using extra hours after school. And following analyses were performed in relation to results therefrom: First, to analyze changes of isolation level of isolated children Quantitatively, the results from pre and post test concerning social and emotional isolation scale were comparatively analyzed. Second, to analyze changes of psychological state of isolated children, projective drawing tests were performed using Kinetic House-Tree-Person(K-HTP) Drawing and Kinetic School Drawing(KSD) and results therefrom were comparatively analyzed. Third, to analyze Quantitatively what changes have been occurred in the isolated children during the course of forming interrelationships with group members while participating in group art therapy, proceedings were summarized per each stage of the program and analyzed accordingly. Fourth, results from researcher's observation of what changes have been occurred in the isolative behavior of isolated children before and after implementation of group art therapy were compared accordingly. Followings are resulting conclusions. First, group art therapy program reduced isolation level of isolated children. Second, group art therapy program changed the isolated children's psychological state into a stable and positive fashion. Third, isolated children became able to experience positive interrelations as well as establishment of new human relationships with group members during the course of participating in the group art therapy program. Fourth, group art therapy program reduced isolative behaviors of the isolated children. Therefore, conclusions could have been reached that the group art therapy program implemented in this research reduced isolative behaviors of the isolated children, and changed their anxious and depressed mental state into stable and positive ones, also established positive interrelationships as well as new human relationships. And, it will be able to expect a greater effect if a program which has been associated with their family could be proceeded along with continuous guidance and teaching having developed objective test tools that will discern isolated children.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2014

목적 : 작업치료사로서의 보편적으로 경험한 갈등의 의미를 밝히고, 현상에 대한 질적인 정보를 제공하여 임상치료사들을 위한 직무발전방안에 기여하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구에서는 Parse의 인간되어감 연구방법을 사용하여 자료를 수집하고 분석하였다. 연구 참여자는 연구목적을 이해하고 연구자와의 대화를 통해 자신의 체험을 진솔하게 구술할 수 있는 임상작업 치료사 8명으로 선정하였다. 대화 기간은 2012년 1월부터 2월 까지였으며, 시간은 근무 후 약 30~40분씩, 참여자마다 3회 이상 실시하였다. 결과 : 작업치료사로서의 갈등 체험은 작업치료의 정체성 혼란과 인식 부족을 느끼고, 열악한 근무 환경과 사회생활에서 오는 심적 갈등, 급여 문제로 걱정하지만, 치료에 대한 고민과 노력들로 미래를 희망하는 체험 과정이었다. 그러나 외적, 내적 갈등으로 불안한 현실 속에서도 학문에 대한 자기 개발과 성장을 경험하면서 긍정적인 미래를 향해 발전하며 극복해나가고 있었다. 결론 : 치료사들이 내적 외적인 갈등에서 벗어나, 작업치료의 정체성 확립과 치료에 대한 만족 및 치료의 질을 높일 수 있도록 지속적인 물리적 사회적 환경 개선이 필요하다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.89-102
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• 1990

The research is a comparative study of death attitudes between male and female elderly people. There is no doubt as to the inevitability of death. And yet, there is a vast conspiracy involved in the word of dead or death. The aged are considered to be nearer death than are people in other age groups. Kalish(1976) emphasized that for the aged two meanings of death have significance for evaluating their life ; first, that older people are known to have a limited life time and face death ; second that older people are known to have suffered many death-imposed losses that are often associated with the dying process. In considering these implications, the level of anxiety regarding death and dying is a crucial factor in determining mental health. In the study, 152 male elderly and 145 female elderly residing in Seoul, Korea was compared on the four dimensions of death anxiety and assigned personal variables. Therefore, the purpose the research was (1) to examine the characteristics of subjects on the independent variables(age, marital status, family relationship, social activities, religiousity etc.) ; (2) to examine the relationship between the independent variables and each dimension of death axniety ; (3) to determine the proportion of variance in the respective of death anxiety which is accounted for by the respective independent variables ; (4) to examine whether a significant difference between the respective independent variables and each dimension of death anxiety has ; (5) to determine the combination of variables which is the most successful in explaining the variance in death anxiety. Finding from this study support the following conclusions; 1. There was a significant differences between the male and female subjects in the level of death anxiety. In turn, the male older adults had lower death anxiety than did the female elderly. This implies that male tend to look forward to death rather than deny it. 2. As there was evidences from several studies, this research found that fear of death decreases as age increases. 3. The following two variables that correlate best with dying anxiety of others in both male and female older adults : 'marriage life', 'social interaction'. 4. The variables 'age' and 'children' for both female and male elderly accounted for the most variance in death anxiety of self. The findings of the study lend this investigator several suggestions, implications and recommendations for future research. There can be no death without life, and conversely, no life without death. Psychologists and health-related professionals may be learn as much about death as they can in order to develop more healthy attitudes and in order to be able to better aid and comfort dying people and their familities. Perhaps most importantly, professionals may be help those who are not faced with death at present to develop an understanding of it and healthy attitudes toward it. The programs of death education are needed for dedication to the evitability of death and the preparation of life for the older adults. More seminars, symposiums and research on death attitudes are needed. Finally, study for female older adults has been negelected topic in the areas of women's study and health education. Future study, for female elderly, have to deeply investigate where those problems come from and how to cope with in order to the female elderly segment can live the rest of their lives in satisfaction with well-being.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2002

태초의 인간은 자연으로부터 정신적ㆍ물질적 만족을 얻으려 하였다. 그러나 인간은 자연에서 그러한 만족을 얻지 못하자 문명을 형성하게 되었고, 거기서 인간만의 독특한 환경을 발전시키며 자연성과 대립하여 왔다. 이러한 대립의 과정에서 인류는 생태적 위기문제를 끌어안게 되었다. 문제를 해결하기 위한 대안으로 많은 분야에서 생태학적 패러다임에 관심을 갖기 시작했으며 사람이 살아가기 위한 필수적 공간디자인의 영역으로 관심이 집중되고 있는 실정이다. 이 가운데 한국의 전통건축은 한국의 자연과 풍토에 적합한 생태적 특성을 지녀왔다. 특히 한국의 전통건축을 생태학적 패러다임에서 논의해 볼 때 그것은 서양의 건축물처럼 독립된 개체적 구조물이 아니라 인간과 함께 자연 생태계의 일부로 함께 존재하는 전체적 화합물이라는 인식으로 주요 연구대상이 되어왔었다. 그 가운데 특히 한국 전통의 창문은 자연을 수용하고 받아들임에 있어 생태적 본질을 가장 잘 유지한 예의 하나로서 생태학적 공간디자인의 연구대상으로 매우 중요한 의의를 가지고 있지만 실제로 오늘날의 한국현대 건축의 관심에서 밀려나 있음은 지극히 안타까운 일이 아닐수 없다. 본고는 이러한 점에 초점을 맞추어 한국 고유의 전통인 창과 문을 새로운 공간디자인의 연구대상으로 현대화시켜 그 영역을 확대시키는데 목적을 두었다.

• 인지과학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.261-278
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• 1990

주관적 윤곽의 발생이 상향처리 과정에만 의존하지 않고 중첩단서나 선택적 주의와 같은 인지요인에 의한 하향처리 과정에 의해 영향을 받을수 있음을 검증하기 위해 두개의 실험이 수행되었다.첫번째 실험에서는 중첩단서의 효과를 조사학 위해서 중첩되어 있는 세개의 Kanizsa 삼각형의 유도요소에 색정보를 첨가하여 발생시킨 네온색확산 현상이 사용되었다. 서로 다른 두 색으로 이루어진 Kanizsa 삼각형을 피험자에게 제시한 다므 중첩부위의 윤곽표면의 색을 측정했는데,중첩부위가 중첩하는 삼각형의 색으로 지각되는 것이 확인되었다.이런 결과는 중첩단서가 일종의 하행정보로 작용할 수 있음을 의미한다.두번째 실험에서는 선택적 주의의 효과를 알아보기 위해 중첩의 방향이 애매해서 관찰자의 의도에 따라 반전가능한 두개의 Kanizsa사각형을 제시하고 그 중 한 쪽의 사각형에 선택적으로 주의를 기울이도록 한 다음 중첩부위의 색을 측정하였다. 그 결과,중첩부위가 두 사각형 중 선택적 주의를 받은 사각형의 색으로 지각되었는데,이것은 선택적 주위와 같은 인지요인이 주관적 윤곽의 발생과정에 중요하게 영향을 준다는 것을 의미한다.결론적으로 본 연구는 주관적 윤곽의 발생이 상향처리 과정에만 의존하지 않으며,중첩단서나 선택적 주의와 같은 인지요인에 의한 하향처리 과정에 의해서도 예민하게 영향을 받을수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.393-402
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• 2015

조직을 구성하는 인적자원은 조직의 중요한 구성요소 중 하나다. 특히 통제된 조직일수록 인적자원의 가치는 조직의 목표 달성을 위해 더욱 중요하다. 현재까지의 조직 구성원 진단은 과거 병력과 같은 외연적인 개인의 특성 및 인성검사와 같은 자발적 진단결과를 통해서 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 구성원 개인단위에 대한 진단방법은 설문 내용이 방대하고 본인의 응답에 전적으로 의존하는 것이어서 거짓 응답 및 은폐 등의 단점이 있으며 소요되는 시간 또한 길다. 이러한 단점을 극복할 수 있는 객관적 진단방법으로 구성원 상호간 진단방법이 있으나, 사람과 사람사이의 눈에 보이지 않는 관계를 표현하고 분석하기 어렵다는 제한사항이 있다. 본 논문에서는 구성원 상호간 진단방법을 통한 조직 진단 모델인 다면평가 모델을 제안한다. 이 모델은 10분 내외의 설문으로 조직의 사회 연결망을 구성한 후 소셜 네트워크 분석 기법을 이용한 제안된 알고리즘을 통해 조직을 진단한다. 실험결과 표본 집단에서 특별 관리하는 인원과 비교하여 Weighted Precision 0.62를 보였으며, 기존 방법으로 식별되지 않는 인원들을 식별할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 모델을 기반으로 조직 진단 시각화 시스템을 구성한다면 인적자원을 관리하는 모든 조직 관리자에게 유용한 시스템이 될 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7229-7235
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• 2013

Background: To determine whether the Health Partner Program is effective in training long-term cancer survivors to be health coaches. Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned cancer survivors who were selected through a rigorous screening process to either the Health Partner Program or the waiting-list control group. The program consisted of 8 weeks of training in health management, leadership, and coaching. At baseline, 8, and 16 weeks, we measured primary outcomes using the Seven Habit Profile (SHP), the Korean Leadership Coaching Competency Inventory (KCCI), Ed Diner's Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Posttraumatic Growth inventory (PTGI) and secondary outcomes using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) short form 36-item questionnaire (SF-36). Results: We recruited 70 subjects and randomly assigned 34 to the intervention group. The Sharpen the Saw habit of the SHP increased significantly more in intervention group than in the control group (p=0.049), as did most PTGI factors. The intervention group also showed a significantly greater enhancement of vitality (p=0.015) and mental health (p=0.049) SF-36 scores but no improvement in KCCI, SWLS, HADS, or IES-R scores. The intervention group also showed a greater clinically meaningful improvement in the "Think Win-Win" of SHP (p=0.043) and in the personal strength score (p=0.025) and total score (p=0.015) of the PTGI. Conclusions: Long-term cancer survivors can benefit from the Health Partner Program to become health coaches.