• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 2018

Influences of the magnetic field on 5, 10 and 15 wt% (1.5, 3 and 4.5 M) HCl solution behaviour, which has widespread applications in petroleum well acidizing, were investigated in various conditions. Differences in the pH of magnetized hydrochloric acid compared to that of normal hydrochloric acid were measured. Taguchi design of experimental (DoE) method were used to model effects of the magnetic field intensity, concentration, velocity and temperature of acid in addition to the elapsed time. The experimental results showed that the magnetic field decreases [$H^+$] concentration of hydrochloric acid up to 42% after magnetization. Increasing the magnetic field intensity (with 28% contribution), concentration (with 42% contribution), and velocity of acid increases the effect of magnetic treatment. The results also demonstrated that the acid magnetization was-not influenced by the fluid velocity and heating. It was also displayed that the acid preserves its magnetic memory during time. The optimum combination of factors with respect to the highest change of [$H^+$] concentration was obtained as an acid concentration of 10% and an applied magnetic field of 4,300 Gauss. Due to the reduction of HCl reaction rate under the magnetization process, it can be proposed that the magnetized HCl is a cost effective and reliable alternative retarder in the matrix acidizing of hydrocarbon (crude oil and natural gas) wells.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.540-545
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• 2012

Background Patients have anxiety and fear of complications due to general anesthesia. Through new instruments and local anesthetic drugs, a variety of anesthetic methods have been introduced. These methods keep hospital costs down and save time for patients. In particular, the target-controlled infusion (TCI) system maintains a relatively accurate level of plasma concentration, so the depth of anesthesia can be adjusted more easily. We conducted this study to examine whether intravenous anesthesia using the TCI system with propofol and remifentanil would be an effective method of anesthesia in breast augmentation. Methods This study recruited 100 patients who underwent breast augmentation surgery from February to August 2011. Intravenous anesthesia was performed with 10 mg/mL propofol and 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ remifentanil simultaneously administered using two separate modules of a continuous computer-assisted TCI system. The average target concentration was set at 2 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 2 ng/mL for propofol and remifentanil, respectively, and titrated against clinical effect and vital signs. Oxygen saturation, electrocardiography, and respiratory status were continuously measured during surgery. Blood pressure was measured at 5-minute intervals. Information collected includes total duration of surgery, dose of drugs administered during surgery, memory about surgery, and side effects. Results Intraoperatively, there was transient hypotension in two cases and hypoxia in three cases. However, there were no serious complications due to anesthesia such as respiratory difficulty, deep vein thrombosis, or malignant hypertension, for which an endotracheal intubation or reversal agent would have been needed. All the patients were discharged on the day of surgery and able to ambulate normally. Conclusions Our results indicate that anesthetic methods, where the TCI of propofol and remifentanil is used, might replace general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation in breast augmentation surgery.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.59-67
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• 2008

Due to the fast increase in cellular phone users, public interest on health effect of electromagnetic fields(EMFs) by cellular phonos is gradually increasing. Some EHS(electromagnetic hypersensitivity) patients complain of psycho-neurophysiological symptoms such as headaches, insomnia, memory loss resulting from RF radiation by CDMA cellular phones. However, EHS is difficult to diagnose and depends on the individual's subjective judgement. And we don't know clearly if the cause of EHS is uneasiness or real exposure. There have been various EHS volunteer studies on heart rate, blood pressure and subjective symptoms using GSM phones. But there are few studies on experimental case-control study investigating physiological parameters, subjective symptoms, and perception of EMFs. In this study, two volunteer groups of 17 self-declared EHS and 19 controls were exposed to both sham and real RF exposure by CDMA cellular phones for half an hour each. We investigated not only the physiological parameters such as heart rates, respiration rates and HRVs(hear rate variability), but also the perception of EMFs and subjective symptoms. As the results, EMF exposure did not have any effects on the subjective symptoms or physiological parameters for both groups. For the EMF perception, there was no evidence that EHS group perceived the EMFs correctly than the control group.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.545-559
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose a content creation framework that enables users without programming experience to easily create interactive media content that responds to user gestures. In the proposed framework, users define the gestures they use and the media effects that respond to them by numbers, and link them in a text-based configuration file. In the proposed framework, the interactive media content that responds to the user's gesture is linked with the dynamic projection mapping module to track the user's location and project the media effects onto the user. To reduce the processing speed and memory burden of the gesture recognition, the user's movement is expressed as a gray scale motion history image. We designed a convolutional neural network model for gesture recognition using motion history images as input data. The number of network layers and hyperparameters of the convolutional neural network model were determined through experiments that recognize five gestures, and applied to the proposed framework. In the gesture recognition experiment, we obtained a recognition accuracy of 97.96% and a processing speed of 12.04 FPS. In the experiment connected with the three media effects, we confirmed that the intended media effect was appropriately displayed in real-time according to the user's gesture.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.13
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• pp.35-71
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• 2012

The purpose of this essay is to examine the responses of artists on nuclear experiences through an analysis of the nuclear images represented in contemporary Japanese art. Japan has previously as twice experienced nuclear disaster in 20th century. The first atomic bombs were dropped in 1945 as well as the 5th Fukuryumaru, Japanese pelagic fishing boat, exposed by hydrogen bomb test operated by the US in 1954 nearby Bikini atoll. Due to Tsunami taken place by the great earthquake that caused the meltdown of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in March 2010, Japan is being experienced a nuclear disaster again. Despite practical experiences, comtemporary Japanese art has avoided the subject of nuclear disasters since the end of the Asia-Pacific War for a variety of reasons. Firstly, GHQ prohibited to record or depict the terrible effect of atomic bomb until 1946. Secondly, Japanese government has tried to sweep the affair under the carpet quite a while a fact of nuclear damage to their people. Because Japan has produced numerous war record paintings during the Second World War, in the aftermath of the defeated war, most of Japanese artists thought that dealing with politics, economics, and social subject was irrelevant to art as well as style of amateur in order to erase their melancholic memory on it. In addition, silence that was intended to inhibit victims of nuclear disasters from being provoked psychologically has continued the oblivion on nuclear disasters. For these reasons, to speak on nuclear bombs has been a kind of taboo in Japan. However, shortly after the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, the artist couple Iri and Toshi Maruki visited to ruin site as a volunteer for Victim Relief. They portrayed the horrible scenes of the legacy of nuclear bomb since 1950 based on their observation. Under the condition of rapid economical growth in 1960s and 1970s, Japanese subculture such as comics, TV animations, plastic model, and games produced a variety of post apocalyptic images recalling the war between the USA and Japanese militarism, and battle simulation based on nuclear energy. While having grown up watching subculture emerged as Japan Neo-Pop in 1990s, New generation appreciate atomic images such as mushroom cloud which symbolizes atomic bomb of Hiroshima. Takashi Murakami and other Neo-Pop artists appropriate mushroom cloud image in their work. Murakami curated three exhibitions including and persists in superflat and infantilism as an evidence in order to analyze contemporary Japanese society. However, his concept, which is based on atomic bomb radiation exposure experience only claimed on damage and sacrifice, does not reflect Japan as the harmer. Japan has been constructing nuclear power plants since 1954 in the same year when the 5th Fukuryumaru has exposed until the meltdown of Fukushima Nuclear Plant although took place of nuclear radiation exposures of Three Mile and Chernobyl. Due to the exploding of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, Japan reconsiders the danger of nuclear disaster. In conclusion, the purpose of this paper may be found that the sense of victim which flowed in contemporary art is able to inquire into the response of artist on the subject of nuclear as well as the relationship between society, politics, culture, and modern history of Japan and international political situation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

The scientific verification of the physiological and psychological effects that result from interaction with green plants would not only provide objective knowledge on the psychological effect of green but would also establish useful grounds for the creation of green spaces that consider human emotions. The present study measured the cerebral activity(cerebral blood flow) and the autonomic nervous system activity (blood pressure, pulse rate, amylase) of fifteen Korean male subjects as they inhaled the natural scent diffused by pine needles. Impression and mood state evaluations of the reactions to the pine scent were carried out using the SD method and POMS. Cerebral activity was observed to be significantly activated in the feeling, judgment, and motor areas of the frontal lobe, as well as the memory area in the temporal lobe. Verbal evaluations by the SD method and POMS indicated a pine scent left natural but stimulated and active impressions, provided vigor, and also reduced confusion. The autonomic nervous system activities, however, showed no significant differences. These findings verified scientifically that a pine scent vitalizes humans both physiologically and psychologically. These results could be useful as fundamental data for the design of green spaces that consider human emotional aspects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2014

Ruthenium (Ru) has attractive material properties due to its promising characteristics such as a low resistivity ($7.1{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ in the bulk), a high work function of 4.7 eV, and feasibility for the dry etch process. These properties make Ru films appropriate for various applications in the state-of-art semiconductor device technologies. Thus, it has been widely investigated as an electrode for capacitor in the dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a metal gate for metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), and a seed layer for Cu metallization. Due to the continuous shrinkage of microelectronic devices, better deposition processes for Ru thin films are critically required with excellent step coverages in high aspect ratio (AR) structures. In these respects, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a viable solution for preparing Ru thin films because it enables atomic-scale control of the film thickness with excellent conformality. A recent investigation reported that the nucleation of ALD-Ru film was enhanced considerably by using a zero-valent metallorganic precursor, compared to the utilization of precursors with higher metal valences. In this study, we will present our research results on the synthesis and characterization of novel ruthenium complexes. The ruthenium compounds were easy synthesized by the reaction of ruthenium halide with appropriate organic ligands in protic solvent, and characterized by NMR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The molecular structures of the complexes were studied by single crystal diffraction. ALD of Ru film was demonstrated using the new Ru metallorganic precursor and O2 as the Ru source and reactant, respectively, at the deposition temperatures of $300-350^{\circ}C$. Self-limited reaction behavior was observed as increasing Ru precursor and O2 pulse time, suggesting that newly developed Ru precursor is applicable for ALD process. Detailed discussions on the chemical and structural properties of Ru thin films as well as its growth behavior using new Ru precursor will be also presented.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 2015

As flash-based storage systems have been actively employed in large-scale servers and data centers, reliability has become an indispensable element. One promising technique for enhancing reliability is static wear-leveling, which distributes erase operations evenly among blocks so that the lifespan of storage systems can be prolonged. However, increasing the capacity makes the processing overhead of this technique non-trivial, mainly due to searching for blocks whose erase count would be minimum (or maximum) among all blocks. To reduce this overhead, we introduce a new randomized block selection method in static wear-leveling. Specifically, without exhaustive search, it chooses n blocks randomly and selects the maximal/minimal erased blocks among the chosen set. Our experimental results revealed that, when n is 2, the wear-leveling effects can be obtained, while for n beyond 4, the effect is close to that obtained from traditional static wear-leveling. For quantitative evaluation of the processing overhead, the scheme was actually implemented on an FPGA board, and overhead reduction of more than 3 times was observed. This implies that the proposed scheme performs as effectively as the traditional static wear-leveling while reducing overhead.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2000

The charge of distance and the change of tack between paired boats were measured by ship's distance measuring system fixed MCS in the main boat and MS in the following boat. The operating depth of the anchovy boat seine was recorded and analysed by self memory temperature/depth sensor in order to compare the relationship between the distance between towing boats and geometry of the anchovy boat seine net. The results are as follow, (1) When distance between paired boat was 5m, the fishing net was spreaded down deeply and unstably in accordance with bag net and flapper may be help to pass out anchovy school. (2) When distance between paired boat was 100m, vertical opening of the net was gradually increased with higher slope of towing depth in the square, bosom and flapper. Therefore, fishing efficiency could be decreased by preventing the entering of anchovy due to unstable shape of the bag net. (3) When distance between paired boat was 200m, the geometry of the anchovy seine was stable condition with the end of bag net was up while flapper was down and it may cause bad effect in fishing efficiency. (4) When distance between paired boat was 300m, the shape from wing net to bag net was gradually slow down and stable enough as well as good shape in bag net and flapper. (5) The ship's distance measuring system could be used for measurement and accurate control of distance between paired boat in accordance of anchovy recordings by fish finder in order to get higher fishing efficiency in anchory boat seine operation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.375-385
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• 2016

Background: The study was conducted to elucidate the extraction conditions under which white ginseng has cognition-improving efficacy. Methods and Results: Extracts from white ginseng under different solvent and temperature conditions were analyzed for ginsenoside content and inhibitory effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and acetylcholinesterase. The total ginsenoside contents and amounts of ginsenoside Rb1 plus ginsenoside Rg1 from the 1st extracts (prepared with EtOH/$H_2O$ as solvent) were higher than those from the 2nd extracts (extracted with $H_2O$ after the 1st EtOH/$H_2O$ extraction). The contents in the 1st and 2nd extracts produced at $80^{\circ}C$ were also higher than those obtained at $50^{\circ}C$. Samples from the 1st extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ indicated higher inhibitory activities on NMDA receptors-whose excessive activation is thought to mediate the calcium-dependent neurotoxicity associated with several neurodegenerative diseases-than those from the 2nd extraction. Among the samples prepared at varying temperatures, the extract prepared at $50^{\circ}C$ showed the highest suppression activity on NMDA receptors. Note, however, that the extracts from the 2nd extraction at $50^{\circ}C$ inhibited acetylcholinesterase-whose inhibition could be a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive deficits and memory malfunction-more effectively than those from the 1st extraction. Conclusions: To enhance the cognition-improving activity of white ginseng extract, it is suggested that the extracts be utilized after being combined the 1st extracts (made with EtOH/$H_2O$ solvent) and the 2nd extracts (prepared with $H_2O$) at low temperature.