• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.55-82
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• 2007

Ohjective: This research investigates the effect of the DJR on Alzheimer's disease. Method: 1.The effects of the DJR extract on IL.-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, cox-2, and NOS-II mRNA of BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS; 2. the behavior: 3. the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}$A were investigated. Result: 1. The DJR extract suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 2. The DJR extract suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ protein production in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 3. For the DJR extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by .${\beta}$A in the Moms water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The DJR extract suppressed the over-expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ protein, TNF-${\alpha}$ protein and CD68/CD11b, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A 5. The DJR extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. 6. The DJR extract reduced the tau protein, GFAP protein, and presenilin1/2 protein (immunohistochemistry) of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. Conclusion: These results suggest that the DJR extract may he effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the DJR extract for Alzheimer's disease of suggested for future research.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.217-231
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 ADHD의 원인론에 대한 다양한 신경학적 이론들을 살펴본 후, ADHD 진단에 널리 사용되는 신경심리학적 평가방법들에 대한 국내, 외 연구결과들을 고찰하였다. ADHD 아동들이 여러 주의력 검사상에서 일관성있게 경계력, 지속적 주의력, 주의산만성, 주의력의 분할과 조절에 문제를 보이고 있고, 실행 능력과 작동기억외에 연합기억에서도 어려움을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 신경심리학적 검사결과는 ADHD 아동이 전두엽외에 망상활성체계 등 두뇌의 여러 부위를 포함하는 신경망에 장애가 있을 가능성을 시사해주는 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 국내에서 ADHD 아동들에게 널리 사용되고 있는 신경심리검사들은 대부분 외국에서 제작된 것이므로, ADHD 아동들의 수행결과를 보다 정확하게 비교하고 해석하기 위해서는 ADHD와 정상 아동, 그리고 기타 소아정신과장애 아동들을 대상으로 그러한 신경심리검사들에 대한 연령별 규준 확립과 타당도 검증을 위한 한국 표준화연구가 조만간 이루어져야 하겠다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.59-78
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• 2006

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the CMT and SCMT on Alzheimer's disease. Methods : The effects of the CMT and SCMT on (1) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (2) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA; (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease mice induced with CT105 & ${\beta}A$ were investigated Rresults : 1. The CMT and SCMT suppressed the expression of APP, AChE mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105 2. The CMT and SCMT suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. For the CMT and SCMT group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency 4. The CMT and SCMT suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 5. The CMT and SCMT reduced the infarction area of hippocampus with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. Conclusions : These results suggest that the CMT and SCMT may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the CMT and SCMT for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2002

Neurocognitive research focusing on cognitive deficits in Depression has resulted in several important but yet potentially contradictory findings. Much literature documents the presence of significant neurocognitive impairments in depressive patients. Studies have shown that dysthymic disorder patients demonstrate a diffuse pattern of cognitive impairment which is frequently indistinguishable from that of focal braindamaged patients. Some reports have suggested that there is a focal pattern of deficit, such as anterior cingulate dysfunction, frontal lobe impairment, or dysfunction of the temporal-limbic cortex. The aim of this study is to evaluate the neurocognitive functions in dysthymic disorder patients, and to compare the functions with those of major depressive disorder patients. The subjects are 17 dysthymic disorder patients. And their neurocognitive functions are compared with those of 23 major depressive episode patients. Patients with a history of neurologic disease, alcohol dependence, substance abuse and mental retardation are excluded. They are assessed with a part of Vienna Test System which is computerized neurocognitive function tests and can evaluate attention, eductive ability, reproductive ability, visuoperceptual analysis, vigilance, visual immediate memory, the speed of information-processing, judgement, and fine motor coordinations. There are no other specific difference between two groups, except the result of cognitrone test. This study provides information about the neurocognitive functions and some difference between major depressive disorder patients and carefully diagnosed dysthymic disorder patients.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.95-110
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• 2008

Objective : This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}A$. Method : The effects of the PMCMT hot water extract on expression of proinf1ammatory cytokine mRNA in BV2 microglial cell cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) AChE in serum (3) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Result : 1. The PMCMT hot water extract suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. 2. The PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency and distance movement-through latency 3. The PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the over-expression of AChE activity in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 5. The PMCMT ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus significantly, and the PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. Conclusions : These results suggest that the PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.219-225
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• 2020

Background: There is increasing concern that moderate preterm (32-33 weeks' gestation) and late preterm (34-36 weeks' gestation) birth may be associated with minor neurodevelopmental problems affecting poor school performance. Purpose: We explored the cognitive function, cognitive visual function, executive function, and behavioral problems at school age in moderate to late preterm infants. Methods: Children aged 7-10 years who were born at 32⁺⁰ to 36⁺⁶ weeks of gestation and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from August 2006 to July 2011 at the National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital were included. We excluded children with severe neurologic impairments, congenital malformations, or chromosomal abnormalities. Neuropsychological assessments consisted of 5 neuropsychological tests and 3 questionnaires. Results: A total of 37 children (mean age, 9.1±1.2 years) participated. The mean gestational age at birth was 34.6±7.5 weeks, while the mean birth weight was 2,229.2±472.8 g. The mean full-scale intelligence quotient was 92.89±11.90; 24.3% scored between 70 and 85 (borderline intelligence functioning). An abnormal score was noted for at least one of the variables on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnostic system for 65% of the children. Scores below borderline function for executive quotient and memory quotient were 32.4% and 24.3%, respectively. Borderline or clinically relevant internalizing problems were noted in 13.5% on the Child Behavior Check List. There were no significant associations between perinatal factors or socioeconomic status and cognitive, visual perception, executive function, or behavior outcomes. Conclusion: Moderate to late preterm infants are at risk of developing borderline intelligence functioning and attention problems at early school age. Cognitive and executive functions that are important for academic performance must be carefully monitored and continuously followed up in moderate to late preterm infants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.708-720
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• 2012

In this study, we assessed the effects of ginsenoside Re (GRe) administration on repeated immobilization stress-induced behavioral alterations using the forced swimming test (FST), the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the active avoidance conditioning test (AAT). Additionally, we examined the effect of GRe on the central adrenergic system by observing changes in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the rat brain. Male rats received 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg GRe (i.p.) 30 min before daily exposures to repeated immobilization stress (2 h/day) for 10 days. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to repeated immobilization was confirmed by measuring serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Repeated immobilization stress increased immobility in the FST and reduced open-arm exploration in the EPM test. It also increased the probability of escape failures in the AAT test, indicating a reduced avoidance response. Daily administration of GRe during the repeated immobilization stress period significantly inhibited the stress-induced behavioral deficits in these behavioral tests. Administration of GRe also significantly blocked the increase in TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) and the decrease in BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings indicate that administration of GRe prior to immobilization stress significantly improved helpless behaviors and cognitive impairment, possibly through modulating the central noradrenergic system in rats. These findings suggest that GRe may be a useful agent for treating complex symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2007

Background: Neurofeedback is an electroencephalographic biofeedback technique for training individuals to alter their brain activity via operant conditioning. Also neurofeedback is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for brain activity. Within the past decade, several neurofeedback studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This research describes the methodical basis of neurofeedback and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: In neurofeedback training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) training is focused on the regulation of cortical excitability. Results: Neurofeedback studies revealed training-specific effects on, for example, attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that ADHD symptomatology was reduced after frequency training or SCP(Slow cortical potentials) training. Moreover a decrease of impulsivity errors and an increase of the contingent negative variation. Conclusions: This research provides evidence for both positive behavioural and specific neurophysiological effects of neurofeedback training. Also there is growing evidence for neurofeedback as a valuable module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are warranted.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.78-104
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• 2021

Purpose - Semiconductors are a significant export item for Korea that is expected to continue to contribute significantly to the Korean economy in the future. Thus, the semiconductor industry is a critical component in the 4th Industrial Revolution and is expected to continue growing as the non-face-to-face economy expands as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, this paper aims to empirically investigate how semiconductors are imported and exported in Korea from a global supply chain perspective by analysing import and export data at the micro-level. Design/methodology - This study conducts a multifaceted analysis of the global supply chain for semiconductors and related equipment in Korea by examining semiconductor imports and exports by semiconductor type, year, target country, mode of transportation, airport/port, and domestic region, using import/export micro-data. The visualisation, flow analysis, and Bayesian Network methodologies were used to compensate for the limitations of each method. Findings - Korea is a major exporter of semiconductor memory and has the world's highest competitiveness but is relatively weak in the field of system semiconductors. The trade deficit in 'semiconductor equipment and parts' is clearly growing. As a result, continued investment in 'system semiconductors' and 'semiconductor equipment and parts' technology development is necessary to boost exports and ensure a stable supply chain. Originality/value - Few papers on semiconductor trade in Korea have been published from the perspective of the global supply chain or value chain. This study contributes to the literature in this area by focusing on import and export data for the global supply chain of the Korean semiconductor industry using a variety of approaches. It is our hope that the insights gained from this study will aid in the advancement of SCM research.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2016

본 연구는 스트렙토조토신에 의해 당뇨가 유발된 기억력 감퇴 모델에서 황칠나무 잎 열수추출물(DMW)의 학습 및 기억력 개선 효과를 평가하기 위해 수행되어졌다. 6주령의 SD-래트를 총 5개 군으로 분리 하였고, 11주간 24시간 간격으로 DMW를 100과 300 mg/kg b.w.농도로 경구 투여 하였으며, 양성대조군으로 donepezil (1 mg/kg b.w.)을 처리하였다. 7일 간격으로 체중과 혈당을 측정하였으며 STZ군에 비해 DMW군에서 유의한 체중 증가를 확인 할 수 있었다. 혈당 측정 결과 DMW군에서 6주째부터 혈당이 감소하기 시작하였으며, STZ군에 비해 유의적인 혈당 감소를 나타내었다. 혈청 내 바이오마커 측정 결과 혈중 포도당은 DMW 시료군에서 유의하게 감소하였고, 인슐린 호르몬 농도와 혈액 요소질소 또한 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 간 기능 수치와 TG, TC, 그리고 크레아틴 농도에서는 각 군 간의 유의적 차이는 확인할 수 없었다. Morris water maze test와 passive avoidance test를 통해 STZ로 유도한 당뇨 모델에서 학습 및 기억력 장애를 확인 하였으며, DMW를 투여함으로서 학습 및 기억력이 유의적으로 회복, 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 뇌 해마에서 Ach 함량과 AchE 활성 측정 결과, 당뇨 대조군에 비해 Ach 함량은 증가하였으며, AchE의 활성은 유의적으로 감소 한 것을 확인 하였다. 본 연구 결과로 STZ로 유도된 고 혈당 동물모델에서 황칠나무 잎 열수추출물(DMW)의 당뇨 개선 및 학습, 기억력 개선 효과를 확인 할 수 있었다. 이는 당뇨의 개선 효과와 더불어 고 혈당으로 인한 퇴행성 치매의 예방과 치료에도 일부 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 황칠 열수추출물(DMW)이 당뇨에 의한 학습 및 기억력의 저하에 있어 효과적인 대안으로서 보다 더 넓은 분야에서 연구되기를 바라는 바이다.