• 한국가축번식학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 1980

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of castration and administration of testosterone propionate(TP) on the development of the thyroid, adrenal glands and the testis in immature male rats, 25 days immatured, weighing 64.1${\pm}$2g, were divided into two groups of control and castrated, each sub-divided into 30 rats again, treated and untreated with TP respectivity. Each rat was given 20$m\ell$ of TP subcutaneously at two weeks interval. Six rats among each group were randomly sacrificed at 7, 21, 35, 49, and 63 days after treatment, of which their thyroid, adrenal glands and testis were collected for cytometric observation. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The size of the follicle of thyroid glands had a tendency to increase proportionally to the treatment period in every group. However, in castration group, the follicular size of the untreated with TP were significantly increased from 49 days (p<0.05) after treatment than that of the treated with TP, while in control group, the treated with TP were not increased during the treatment period. Regarding the height of the follicular epithelial cell in thyroid gland, the treated with TP had a tendency to increase than the untreated with TP in both castration and control group. 2. Regarding the size of the follicle of thyroid gland in relation with the increment period, the untreated with TP in control group were slightly increased from 49 days after treatment, but the treated with TP were not changed significantly. Castration group had a tendency to increase significantly than the control group, especially the untreated with TP in castration group were significantly increased. 3. As for the change of the relative height of thyroidal follicular epithelial cell in relation with the increment of treatment period, the untreated, A and C group, in both castration and control group were increased at 35 days 63 days after treatment while the treated, B and D group had tendency to increase from 21 days after treatment. 4. Regarding the thickness fo adrenal cortex, the castration group had a tendency to increase than the control group until 21 days after treatment. But, at 35 days, the change of the thickness was reversed; Mean while at 49 days and 63 days, especially C group in castration were significantly increased than any other groups although there were no significant differences among the every group during the whole treatment period. Regarding the thickness of adrenal cortex in relation with the increment of treatment period, A, B and C group had a tendency to increase until 21 days after treatment. After that period, there was no significant increment in all groups. Especially, in D group, there were no significant changes from 7 days to 63 days after treatment. 5. As for the tickness of adrenal medulla, there were no significant changes in every group of castration and TP treatment, except that the castration group had a tendency to increase continually than the control throughout the whole treament period. 6. In terms of the number, diameter and thickness of seminiferous tubule in testis of control group, the treated group with TP were distinctly reduced than those of the untreated group from 49 days after treatment respectively.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.171-187
• /
• 1998

Garlic occupies a special position among the many foods of vegetable origin because it is the sole food for Koreans during the their lives. And vitamin A has been ingested by forms of food or additives. Cadmium has been described as one of the most dangerous trace elements in the food and environment of man and livestocks. Since the de novo synthesis of stress proteins can be detected early after exposure to some agents, analysis of cadmium-induced changes in gene expression , ie. alterations in patterns of protein synthesis, may be useful to develop as biomarkers of exposure and damage for food hygiene. He acute and chronic combine effects of cadmium (Cd, CdCl2 20mg/kg), garlic oil(Dds: diallyl disulfide 50mg/kg, 3 times a week) and vitamin A(Ra: retinol acetate 50,000 IU/kg, 3 times a week) on Wistar male rats were evaluated concerning cadmium contents, tissues enzyme activity, HSP expression histopathological and electron microscopical examinations. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. Less cadmium was absorbed through the digestive tracts, but the ratio of contents in tissue were not changed by the simultaneous adminstration of diallyl disufide or retinol acetate. 2. ALT(alanine aminotransferase) , AST(aspartate aminotransferase), glucose, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), creatinine, the key indices of the clinical changes in hepatic and renal function were significantly hanged by the cadmium treatment after 1 week in liver, after 4 weeks in kidney. 3. Histopathological changes in cadmium treated rats were appeared at 8 weeks age treatment in kidneys. Homogenous eosinophilic material was accumulated in cortical and collecting tubular lumens at 16 weeks. Degenerated or necrotized tubular cells were observed in cortex and medulla. Degenerated seminiferous tubules and homogeneous eosinophilic material was seen in interstitial tissue of rat treated with cadmium for 16 weeks. Calcium deposits were seen in degenerated seminiferous tubules and the tubules showed severe calcification of rat treated with cadmium for 16 weeks. Electron microscope changes in kidney were observed in rats treated with CdCl2 20 mg/kg. Proximal convoluted tubule cells showed selling of cytoplasm and narrow lumen. Capillary endothelial cells showed cytoplasmic vacuoles and swelling. Degenerated epithelial cells were accumulated in tubular lumen of kidney. 4. Enhanced synthesis of 70 KDa relateve molecular mass proteins were detected in 2 hours after cadmium, exposure, with maximum activity occurring at 8~48 hours. Induction of HSP 70 was evident at proximal tubules and glomeruli in kidney. Testicular cells produced enough HSP to be detected normally. From the above results, it could be concluded that HSP70 induction by the cadmium treatment was a rapid reaction to indicated the exposure of xenobiotics, and retinol acetate reduced the cadmium induced nephrotoxicity.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제30권7호
• /
• pp.630-633
• /
• 2020

야생 포유류의 신부전 증후군은 거의 보고가 없다. Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)는 중간 크기의 설치류이며 많은 질병을 가지고 있으나, 신부전 증후군은 보고된 바가 없으며, 본 케이스는 병리학적 진단을 위해 6개월령 암컷 사향쥐의 다른 임상증후군 없는 상태로 부검을 실시하였다. 요관, 신장결석과 수진증을 관찰하였고, 결석에 의한 심각한 신장 손상과, 뇌 손상을 포함한 전신 출혈과 석회화가 관찰되었고, 이는 신장 손상으로 인한 요로결석과 장기 손상에 기인한 것이다. 괴사 및 미세석회화는 신장 피질 및 수질에서, 특히 근위 곡 세뇨관 및 신장의 수집관에서 검출되었다. 사구체의 초자양변성이 크게 관찰되었으며 이는 만성 신염을 나타내며. 이러한 소견은 특히 신장에 대한 진균성 독성 효과를 나타내는 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 폐에서 호중구 및 단핵 세포의 침윤이 관찰되었고, 비장에서도 만성 염증세포인 형질세포의 침윤이 관찰되었다. 본 소견에서는 사향쥐 신부전에 따른 사인은 오염된 사료섭취로 의심되는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 2013

하행성 억제계란 중뇌, 연수, 뇌교에 존재하는 해부학적 유해수용 조절성 기전을 일컫는 용어이다. 이들 부위를 전기적으로 자극을 하면 진통효과가 나타나며, 하행성 억제계의 실패시 지속적인 통증이 야기된다는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 우울불안 같은 질환은 만성 신경병성 통증 상태로 쉽게 진행됨이 밝혀졌다. 이러한 요인들이 만성 신경병성 통증에 영향을 주는 경로는 아마도 하행성 억제계일 가능성이 있다. 흥미롭게도, 광범위하게 하행성 억제계가 작동하지 않을 경우 과민성 대장증상이 호발하는 것으로 보인다. 또한 이러한 환자들은 높은 불안, 우울 지수가 관찰되기도 한다. 다양한 연구에서, 하행성 억제계에 관여하는 ${\alpha}2$ 아드레날린성 약물, 아편유사약물들이 만성 통증에 사용될 수 있음을 동물에서 평가 중이다. 아직 신체내에서 얼마나 하행성 억제계가 일어나고 있는가에 대해서는 임상적으로 증명하기 힘든 감이 있지만, 여러 감각 신경기전의 수정에 중요한 구실을 하고 있는 것으로 믿어진다. 즉 중추신경계는 대상을 인식하기 위해 말초정보를 받아들이는 기능만 있는 것이 아니라 여러 방법으로 정보의 홍수를 조절하고 선택하는 기능을 동시에 갖추고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.43-55
• /
• 1993

흰쥐 관류부신에서 histamine의 catecholamine (CA) 분비작용의 특성과 기전을 규명코자 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. Histamine $(37.5{\sim}150\;{\mu}g)$을 부신정맥내에 주사 하였을 때 현저한 용량 의존성의 CA 분비작용을 나타내었다. 그러나 histamine $(150\;{\mu}g)$을 120분 간격으로 반복 투여시 제 3차 투여시부터는 CA 분비효과가 뚜렷이 감소하였다. 즉, histamine의 반복투여로 인한 반응급강현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. Histamine의 CA 분비작용은 chlorisondamine, diphenhydrarmine, ranitidine, $Ca^{++}-free$ Krebs 용액의 관류, nicardipine 및 TMB-8 등의 전처치로 유의하게 억제 되었으나 pirenzepine의 전처치에 의해서는 별다른 영향을 받지 않았다. 더우기 histamine $(6.8{\times}10^{-5}M)$으로 30분간 관류시킨 후에 ACh $(50{\mu}g)$의 CA 분비작용이 상당히 억제됨을 나타내었다. 이상과 같은 연구 결과로 보아 histamine은 흰쥐 적출관류 부신에서 현저한 CA 분비작용을 나타내었으며 칼슘 의존성이었다. 이러한 CA 분비작용은 $H_1-$ 및 $H_2-$ 양수용체의 활성화를 통해서 일어나며 또한 부신의 nicotine 수용체와도 관련성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.95-117
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation between the meridian, acupoints and viscera using neuroanatomical tracers. The common locations of the spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and brain projecting to the large intestine meridian were observed following injection of transganglionic tracer, WGA-HRP and transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), Bartha strain(Ba) and PRV-Ba-Gal (Galactosidase)) into the the large intestine(cecum, colon and rectum), ST37 and LI4. After survival times of 96 hours following injection into the thirty rats with WGA-HRP, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal. They were perfused, and their spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP and X-gal histochemical and PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with a light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating the large intestine were observed bilaterally within the T13-L4 sympathetic chain ganglia, and T9-11 spinal ganglia. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating ST37 were observed within the L3-5 sympathetic chain ganglia, and L2-4 spinal ganglia. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating LI4 were observed in the middle cervical ganglion and stellate ganglion, and C5-8 spinal ganglia. 2. In spinal cord, PRV-Ba labeled neurons projecting to the large intestine, ST37 and LI4 were found in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina N, V, VII(intermediolateral nucleus), Ⅸ, X and dorsal nucleus. 3. In medulla oblongata, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons projecting to the large intestine, ST37 and LI4 were commonly found in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus and gigantocellular nucleus. 4. In pons, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in locus coeruleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucieus and A5 cell group. 5. In midbrain, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in central gray matter. 6. In diencephalon, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. These results suggest that PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled common areas projecting to the large intestine may be correlated to that of the large intestine meridian, ST37 and LI4. Especially, These morphological results provide that interrelationship of meridian-acupoints -viscera may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.101-121
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation to the meridian, acupoint and nerve. The common locations of the spinal cord and brain projecting to the the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were observed following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), into the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve of the rabbit. After survival times of 96 hours following injection of PRV, the thirty rabbits were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In spinal cord, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina V, VII, X, intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal nucleus. 2. In medulla oblongata, The PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus. 3. In Pons, PRV labeled neurons were parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and cochlear nucleus. 4. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons were founded in central gray matter and substantia nigra. 5. In diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were founded in lateral hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 6. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neuron were founded in hind limb area.This results suggest that PRV labeled common areas of the spinal cord projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve may be first-order neurons related to the somatic sensory, viscero-somatic sensory and symapathetic preganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled common area of the brain may be first, second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscle in gallbladder and blood vessels.These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory system monitoring the internal environment, including both visceral sensation and various chemical and physical qualities of the bloodstream. The present morphological results provide that gallbladder meridian and acupoint may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2000

성인 남성의 모발에서 정상 모간과 자연상태에서 손상된 모간의 외부형태와 미세구조적 변화를 광학현미경과 주사 및 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 정상 모간은 모소피층, 모피질, 모수질 등의 3부분으로 구성되어 있었다. 모소피층은 $5\sim7$개의 모소피세들이 중첩되어 모피질과 모수질을 둘러싸고 있고, 길게 신장되어 모피질을 둘러싸고 있는 소피세포의 두께는 약 $0.4{\mu}m$로 확인되었다. 또한, 이들 세포사이에는 약 $25{\mu}m$의 세포사이 막복합체가 관찰되었다. 모피질은 잘 발달되어 각질화세포(cornified cell)들로 치밀하게 채워져 있었고, 각질화세포는 직경이 약 $0.5\sim0.8{\mu}m$인 구형 또는 타원형의 macrofibril로 구성되어 있었으며, 이들은 약 8 nm 두께의 가는 microfibril이 동심원상의 규칙적인 형태로 배열되어 있었다. 그리고 macrofibril사이에는 약 $0.5{\mu}m$ 크기의 직경을 가진 구형의 melanin과립들이 고르게 산재되어 관찰되었다. 모수질은 공기가 채워져 있었고, 직경이 약 $16{\mu}m$의 구형의 형태로 모간의 전체 직경에 1/5정도를 차지하고 있었다. 풍화에 의해 손상된 모간은 모소피층이 박리되어 있었으며, 모피질세포의 세포질도 손상되어 melanin과립들이 표면에 노출되어 있는 것인 확인되었다. 조직표본상에서 모소피층의 박리과정은 모소피 사이에 공포가 형성되고, 이어서 모소피의 가장자리가 떨어져 나가고, 박리되지 많은 부위는 절단되었다. 모소피가 탈락되어 모피질이 노출된 부위에서는 각질화세포내에 존재하는 macrofibril이 각각 분리되고, 인접된 macrofibril사이에 공기가 채워지게 어 모간의 풍화과정은 더욱 촉진되었다. 그리고 노출된 macrofibril사이에서 탈락 직전의 melanin과립들이 산재되어 관찰되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.7-15
• /
• 2004

Nitric oxide (NO) system has been implicated in a wide range of physiological functions in the nervous system. However, the role of NO in regulating the neural activity in the gustatory zone of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) has not been established. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of NO in the gustatory NTS neurons. Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing about 50 g, were used. Whole cell patch recording and immunohistochemistry were done to determine the electrophysiological characteristics of the rostral gustatory nucleus of the tractus solitaries and distribution of NO synthases (NOS). Neuronal NOS (nNOS) immunoreactivity was strongly detected along the solitary tract extending from rostral to caudal medulla. Resting membrane potentials of NTS neurons were $-49.2{\pm}2\;mV$ and action potential amplitudes were $68.5{\pm}2\;mV$ with a mean duration measured at half amplitude of $1.7{\pm}0.3\;ms$. Input resistance, determined from the response to a 150 ms, -100 pA hyperpolarizing current pulse, was $385{\pm}15\;M{\Omega}$, Superfusion of SNAP or SNP, NO donors, produced either hyperpolarization (68%), depolarization (5%), or no effect (27%). The hyperpolarization was mostly accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. The hyperpolarization caused by SNAP or SNP increased the time to initiate the first action potential, and decreased the number of action potentials elicited by current injection. SNP or SNAP also markedly decreased the number of firing neural discharges of the spontaneous NTS neural activity under zero current. Superfusion of L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor, slightly depolarized the membrane potential and increased the firing rate of NTS neurons induced by current injection. ODQ, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ameliorated the SNAP-induced changes in membrane potential, input resistance and firing rates. 8-Br-cGMP, a non-degradable cell-permeable cGMP, hyperpolarized the membrane potential and decreased the number of action potentials. It is suggested that NO in the gustatory NTS has an inhibitory role on the neural activity of NTS through activating soluble guanylate cyclase.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.82-87
• /
• 2007

태국에서 생산된 Pedigree사의 개 사료를 1개월 이상 섭취한 5마리의 개가 식욕절폐, 쇠약, 구토, 다음다뇨 증상을 보였으며 증상이 심한 개는 혈액성 설사와 저체온증을 보였다. 특징적인 임상병리학적 소견으로 BUN과 creatinine이 높았으며 일부의 개에서는 GGT, 무기인과 lipase가 높았으나 CBC는 특이적인 임상병리학적 소견이 없었다. 요분석에서는 혈뇨, 저비중뇨, 단백뇨와 calcium oxalate와 유사한 결정이 관찰되었다. 증상이 심한 두 마리는 폐사하였으며 나머지의 개는 사료의 변경과 보조요법에 의하여 점차 회복되었다. 전형적인 병리학적 소견은 신장에서 관찰되어 신장의 위축, 일부 사구체의 모세혈관 충혈, 세뇨관의 미만성 변성과 이영양성 석회화, 세뇨관의 괴사와 재생, 세뇨관 내강 내에 황갈색 판상 형광성 물질 또는 파편이 관찰되었다. 섭취한 사료와 동일한 개봉하지 않은 사료 내의 ochratoxin A와 citrinin의 농도를 분석한 결과 각각 372.8ppb와 8.3ppb가 검출되었다. 병력, 임상증상, 임상병리소견, 병리학적 소견 및 사료 내의 곰팡이독소의 분석을 통하여 ochratoxin A와 citrinin의 중독에 의한 신부전으로 최종진단을 내렸다.