• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.307-313
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• 1996

In order to study for the principle of the Dan-Jeon respiration and Seon meditation to be ascetic exercises for the sake of experience of Oriental medicine as practical science, they were investigated the theory of the Jeong-Gi-Shin. The results obtained were as fallows ; 1. The Dan-Jeon respiration was Mahayana of ascetic exercises to act demension of Gi to be observed two sides of material and spirit. 2. The Seon meditation was Mahayanea of exercises to experience demension of Shin to be the subject of life directly. 3. Even though Dan-Jeon respiration takes the golden mean of Shin, it belongs to the category of Jeon-Gi to correspond to appearance of material dimension. Seon meditation utilizes the Jeong-Gi in the stage of the golden mean of Shin. As results, Dan-Jeon respiration does not get out of the world of appearance centering around the Gi. But Seon meditation gets out of the world of appearance and utilizers the relativity in the free absoluteness.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Breath-Counting Meditation according to Personal Characteristics through the changes of Vital Signs (V/S) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Methods: 41 adults were classified according to gender and A-type behavior, then each group was compared for the changes on V/S and HRV through Breath-Counting Meditation of 10 minutes. Results: 1) Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were both significantly decreased in females, and the respiration level decreased significantly in both the male and female groups. 2) Respiration level decreased significantly in both the A-type and Non-A-type groups. 3) LF decreased significantly in both the male and female groups. HF increased significantly in both the male and female groups. 4) TP, LF and LF/HF increased significantly and HF decreased significantly in the Non-A-type group. Conclusions: Breath-Counting Meditation has respiratory effects for all groups and HRV of male, female and Non-A-type groups.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is for fundamental research of meditation smart wear for physical and mental healing, and researching method for monitoring phase of meditation through textile by measuring the number of abdominal respiration when meditating. For this purpose, the research implemented Single Wall Carbon Nano-Tube (SWCNT) based strain gauges type textile sensor, considered reliability and validity of respiratory sensing, and analyzed efficiency of respiratory sensing based on body parts comparatively. The first preliminary experiment was to evaluate the performance of textile sensor through abdominal model dummy which open and shut of 5 cm repeatedly for 2 minutes at the rate of 0.1Hz in order to simulate abdominal respiration. It concluded signal efficiency between reference sensor(BIOPAC) and textile respiratory sensor appears statistically significant (p<0.001). The second experiment were conducted with 4 subjects doing abdominal respiration under same conditions, and after comparing the signal values between two sensors from 4 attached locations(around center and sides of omphali and phren), center of omphali and sides of phren were selected as suitable location for measuring meditational breathing as they showed large and stable signals. In result, this research aimed for implementing of the textile sensor for sensing meditational breathing of long respiration cycle, review of reliability and validity for sensing number of meditational respiration with the sensor and consideration of sensing efficiency by sensing location on body parts.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to analyze the responses of breath-counting meditations with the psychological test and the physical index. Methods: Breath-counting meditation was applied to 10 normal adults. Then, clinical research State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), State-Trait Anger eXpression Inventory (STAXI), Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form (PWI-SF), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-Korean version (BEPSI-K), Heart Rate Variability (HRV), and Vital Signs (V/S) were carried out to analyze the responses of breath-counting meditations. Results: 1) Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) decreased on the fifteenth day of breath-counting meditation, and Body Temperature (BT) increased on the fifteenth day. In addition, respiration decreased throughout the period of breath-counting meditation. 2) Standard deviations of N-N interval and Total Power (TP) of HRV all significantly increased on the fifteenth day of breath-counting meditation. 3) Scores of STAI1, STAXI1, STAXI2, and PWI-SF decreased after the breath-counting meditation. Conclusions: The results suggested that breath-counting meditations have positive responses to anger, anxiety and stress.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.36-44
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of breath-counting meditation (BCM) and deep breathing (DB) on heart rate variability (HRV). These breathing techniques have the characteristics of non-paced and self-controlled breathings, resulting in less increase of HRV. We also compared BCM and DB with usual breathing (UB) or relaxing breathing (RB) which can reveal the characteristics of those. Methods: 83 healthy volunteers sitting in chairs performed non-paced breathing; UB, RB, BCM, and DB each for 5 minutes. One minute of relaxation was permitted between breathings. Participants surfed the internet sitting in front of a computer during UB, while for RB, they remained steady with eyes closed. For BCM, they breathed inwardly counting from 1 to 10 repetitively, while they took a deep breath during DB. Physiological indices were simultaneously recorded with a biofeedback system. Results: Respiration rate, thoracic amplitude, and mean heart rate decreased in RB compared with UB, but there was no change in HRV. Respiration rate in BCM and DB was lower than that in UB or RB, and the amplitude of thorax or abdomen, and HRV all increased (p<0.05). However, mean heart rate and skin conductance decreased in BCM compared with UB (p<0.05), whereas those were no different between DB and UB. Conclusion: BCM, just concentrating mentally on breathing with counting each breath, can increase HRV with less sympathetic activation, while DB, actively moving thorax and abdomen for achieving the deepest respiration rate, can greatly raise HRV with the maintenance of mean vagal or sympathetic tone.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 2008

Background: The consequences of disordered breathing patterns are not only distressing to the patient but also expensive to our health care systems if they are not diagnosed and treated. So we performed this study to investigate clinical significants trough gigong, yoga and hyperventilation in oriental medicine and westen medicine Method: Voluntary control of respiration is one of the main methods of physical and mental training such as meditation, qigong meditation or Yoga. So, this study focuses on breathing in qigong and yoga. This study appreciates a role that a control of respiration has in physical, mental aspects and searches side-effects in qigong and yoga Conclusions: A control of respiration has a function that manages Jung(精), Qi(氣), Shin(神) in Oriental Medicine. It manages Autonomic Nerve system, Endocrine system and induces natural awareness. So Briging the body and mind work through a control of breathing. Breathing pattern disorder has Damum and Qiher pattern in Oriental Medicine pattern. This disease pattern concearnes ATP metabolism. Qiher is concearned with a mitochondria disorder and Damum is concearned with a products of lactate. we guess that Lactate analysis may be utilized as a diagonostic criteria of Breathing pattern disorder. After this, It needs a study that Lactate analysis is concearned with Breathing pattern disorder as Damum pattern. Result: A control of respiration is related not only breathing but also spiritual and physical state. Joo-hwa-ip-ma as Breathing pattern disorder is smiliar to hyperventilation. HVS is patternated Damum and Qi-Weakness pattern in oriental medicine. Lactate is an important complement that diagonates HVS and will be concearned with Damum.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out whether or not there are differences of effects when we count breaths on inspiration or expiration, and how differently the effects show up according to gender or Sasang Constitution Methods A group of 79 participants were enrolled and diagnosed Sasang Constitution by Sasang Constitution Diagnosis System of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Physical responses to respiratory changes were measured by Biofeedback sensors that were attached to the participants while they were seated comfortably on a sofa and breathing normally without counting for 5 minutes, counting on inspiration for 5 minutes, and counting on expiration for 5 minutes. Results and Conclusions 1. Mean heart rate and respiration rate decreased in association with breathing counting on inspiration and expiration more than breathing normally without counting. Especially respiration rate was stabilized during counting on inspiration and mean heart rate was stabilized during counting on expiration. 2. Interaction between breathing methods and gender did not appear. In comparison between gender, LF/HF ratio was higher in male during breathing normally without counting and counting on inspiration. Body temperature was higher in male during counting on inspiration and expiration. 3. Interaction between breathing methods and Sasang Constitution did not appear. In comparison between Sasang Constitution, mean heart rate was higher in Soyang-in, Soeum-in than Taeeum-in and abdominal amplitude was lower in Taeeum-in than Soeum-in.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 1999

In the study of the Relaxation therapy of Qi-gong, the results were as follows: 1. Although there are various ways to practice qigong, the following three elements should always be included. There are regulation of mind, body and respiration, among which regulation of mind is the most important one. Regulating the mind into a state of tranquility. is the most fundamental skill in qigong therapy. So smoothing the circulation of meridians, strengthened Essential-material(精), Qi(氣), Sprit(神). 2. The Qigong therapy makes the body and mind relaxed, and it is helpful of preventation of disease and mental health. And it treats neurosis, somatoform disease, and it uses resoluton of stress. As a result, The Qigong-therapy is preservation of health, raises the resistance of disease. 3. The Qigong therapy is more effective by application of music, aroma, taping-therapy.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.64-69
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• 2017

Purpose: Breathing can be controlled either unconsciously or consciously. In Asian countries, various conscious breathing-control techniques have been practiced for many years to promote health and wellbeing. However, the exact mechanism underlying these techniques has not yet been established. The purpose of this study is to explore the physiological mechanism explaining how conscious breathing control could affect the autonomic nervous system, brain activity, and mental changes. Methods: The coupling phenomenon among breathing rhythm, heart rate variability, and brain waves was explored theoretically based on the research hypothesis and a review of the literature. Results: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a well-known phenomenon in which heart rate changes to become synchronized with breathing: inhalation increases heart rate and exhalation decreases it. HRV BFB training depends on conscious breathing control. During coherent sinusoidal heart rate changes, brain ${\alpha}$ waves could be enhanced. An increase in ${\alpha}$ waves was also found and the synchronicity between heart beat rhythm and brain wave became strengthened during meditation. Conclusion: In addition to the effect of emotion on breathing patterns, conscious breathing could change heart beat rhythms and brainwaves, and subsequently affect emotional status.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.105-124
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• 2002

With the progress of civilization, the disorders due to the stress, which derived from the social-structural complexity and diversity, are on an increasing trend in our times. Accordingly, the accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for them are required. Especially in the current years, children's disorders delivered by the emotional problems keep increasing. In this research, the researcher tried to figure out the cause of the children's stress and its treatment, studied the theories of the stress in the modem medicine and the sever emotions in oriental medicine, and came to the conclusion as follows: 1. The stress can be defined as the combination of the reaction to noxious stimuli and its defense mechanism of the body, In oriental medicine, it is considered as pathological notions which includes seven emotions as the internal factor, six evils as the external factor and other foods, expectoration, ecchymoma as the non-internal/external factors. 2. Children usually get stressed by various reasons in a growth process such as schooling, relationship with friends, the opposite sex of family, or change of surroundings, and these can cause the various disorders. 3. In the study of the children's stress symptoms, it is found that the silent reaction is uncommon. It usually appeared in both reactions: firs, physical reactions such as stomachache, vomiting, headache, neural frequent urination, bronchial asthma or excessive respiration and/or, second, behavioral reactions such as a decline of performance, alimentary disorder, e.g. anorexia nervosa or bulimia, sleep disorder, e.g. nightmare or panic in sleep, anthrophobia, refusal to a school attendance or hyperactiveness. Besides, the peculiar mental disorder such as paroxysm of anger, tic, autism, nocturnal enuresis, lack of attentiveness, impediment in linguistic development, learning difficulty, intellectual decline, etc. can be appeared, and the heavy stress during the babyhood can cause the regression of behavior or the immaturity of formation of character. 4. The appropriate treatments for the children's stress are Osteopathy, Manpulation, Aroma Therapy, Alexander Technique, Autonomic Never Control Treatment, Biofeedback, Chiropractic, Dance Therapy, Feldenkrasis Technique, Gravity Therapy, Homepathy, Aquatherapy, Hypnotherapy, Naturopathy and Meditation.