• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.325-333
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• 2007

• 한국도로학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.345-350
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• 2009

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.113-124
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• 2006

Among tile traffic safety facilities, median barriers are installed above 4-lane national roads due to the awareness of haying an effect on preventing the front collision. Studies about the installation effect analysis of median harrier have been carried out through both at home and outside, mainly indicating total accident reduction effect on pertinent sections. In sum, study about how the accident occurrence form is changed at the point classified by the accident type or severity is insignificant. In the case of outside the country, calculating the accident reduction effect according to the type of median barriers is main research and in domestic, though there is a part of researches assessing reduction effect by accident types, it is not reliable in the view or statistics because of using only 1year's before-aftev data installing the facility, So in this Paper. it is the main purpose to presume the accident conversion effect. For this, we conduct an investigation and collect data about 7-year's accident data containing before-after Project, safety facilities foundation records and index of road alignment on the subject of 4-1ane national roads(108.6km) existing median barrier. Next. using the empirical bayes method, we estimate a model construction and accident conversion effect of accident type severity. We expect the result or this Paper will be applied for a policy execution and Presentation of facility standard related to median barrier from now on.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 2011

One of the major factors which increase urban temperature is roads. This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of urban roadside vegetation on the road surface temperature. For this, surface temperature was measured at 18 spots using the thermal imaging camera in terms of road components including use of roadside land use, roadway, sidewalk, roadside vegetation and vegetation median barrier. The size of the roadside vegetation and related urban road characteristics were also measured. In terms of the effect of roadside vegetation on a decrease in road surface temperature, the roadside land use as a green area or open space was the highest, followed by the size of vegetation median barrier and the size of roadside vegetation. Besides road surroundings, an increase in the green zone such as roadside vegetation and median strip vegetation has a significant impact on lowering road surface temperature. Therefore, a good solution for reducing urban heat island effects would be to increase the area of roadside vegetation and green areas along roads.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2013

Population aging is a shift in the distribution of a country's population towards older ages. This is usually reflected in an increase in the population's mean and median ages, a decline in the proportion of the population composed of children, and a rise in the proportion of the population that is elderly. Population ageing is widespread across the world. Barrier-free or Design for All concept consists of modifying buildings or facilities so that they can be used by people who are disabled or have physical impairments. Design for All criteria are aimed at ensuring that everyone can participate in the Information society. Safety-related products being easy to adapt according to different needs, or using standardized interfaces that can be accessed simply by using assistive technology. To this end, policy makers and service providers, especially in the ubiquitous technologies, produce new technologies, products, services and applications for pedestrians.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2012

The Government is implementing the safety measures for pedestrian in living zone to decrease the traffic accident casualties in half. It is urgently to study the guideline because it contains to make the guideline of a median strip in City to prevent the violation of central line and jaywalking on the main contents. So, this study analyzed the pedestrian accidents and the violation of central line, and studied the type of a median strip, the installation guideline through studying the minimum crossing. Consequently, this study found out that a median strip which revised the attention inducement stick to decrease jaywalking could not have the strong prevention function of a crash barrier, so if it happens separation after the collision between vehicles, it induced the secondary accidents, and could take negative effects on traffic safety. In consideration of driving safety, this study analyzed that if it installs a median stirp, it has to ensure one meter, and such a thing could prevent the separation of lane or damage of facilities. However, if it is hard to ensure the space because of narrow road width, it could install a median strip in case of installing the road surface mark 0.5m. And the installation of the attention inducement stick or a median strip on the central line could be possible to induce the violation of central line, thus it is desirable not to install only anythings but also raised pavement markers.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.467-475
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate adherence to the clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) and influencing factors on the adherence following a customized intensive education program (CIEP). Methods: This work is a retrospective descriptive study. The subjects were 226 emptying failure patients who learned in a CIEP from January 2012 to July 2014. The program developed in 2011 and consisted of 1) customized theoretical education; based on the results of urologic tests, underlying disease, or surgery of the patients, 2) hands-on practice until the trainees were able to master the techniques, 3) questions about the process of catheterization and what he/she needs to know. 4) at follow-up, the survey about adherence and barrier to CIC. Clinical characteristics; the level of satisfaction, understanding, and self-confidence; the barrier in medical records were reviewed. Results: The short-term adherence rate (median 22 days) is 87.6% and the long-term adherence rate (median 112 days) is 50.4%. The biggest obstacle is time management. The levels of satisfaction, understanding, and self-confidence are very high. The variable of Income is the only factor that has influence on adherence. Conclusion: Despite the CIEP, the adherence rate is relatively low. In addition to the education, emotional and psychological supports and regular follow-up are needed to improve long-term adherence.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.479-493
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• 1997

There are various treatment methods including barrier membranes in attaining periodontal regeneration and regaining the function of destructed periodontal tissues due to periodontal disease. Barrier membranes consist of non-Resorbable and resorbable types such as Dura mater and $Guidor^{(R)}$ used in the treatment of intrabony defects and classII furcation defects have been shown to be effectively increased the amount of new bone and cementum.In our study we used premolars with class III furcation defects created by removing the bone 4mm apically from CEJ in adult dogs and placed resorbable membrane Dura mater and $Guidor^{(R)}$ for the test group and flap operation was carried out for the control groups. The effect of membrane on junctional epithelium, alveloar bone, cementum, and gingival connective tisssue in the regeneration and healing potential of periodontal tissues was evaluated and healing results were evaluated histologically and histometrically 8 weeks following the surgical procedure. 1. In the clinical observation, there was no exposure of furcation defects in the control group, whereas slight membrane exposure was noted in the test group. 2. New bone was formed up to the level of the notch in the control group, whereas in the test group new bone formation was observed above the level of the notch. 3. New cementum was formed in both groups of the experiment. 4. The connective tissue observed between the new cementum and new bone in the test group were functionally orientated, compared to the irregular formation of connective tissues found in the control group. 5. Root resorption or ankylosis was not observed in any of the groups 6. The mean and median of the control group were 4.31% and 2.23% and for the Dura mater group were 27.85% and 15.57% respectively. There was no significant difference between Dura mater and the control group. 7. The mean and median of the control group were 4.31% and 2.23% and for the $Guidor^{(R)}$ group were 37.27% and 37.19% respectively. There was a significant difference in these two groups(P$Guidor^{(R)}$ were 37.27% and 37.19%. There was no significant difference between the two test groups. Thus, by using Dura mater and Guidor in classIII furcation defects, the predictable amount of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone regeneration may result.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

Shoreline data of the barrier islands in Nakdong River Estuary for the last three decades were assembled using six sets of aerial photographs and seven sets of satellite images. Canny Algorithm was applied to untreated data in order to obtain a wet-dry boundary as a proxy shoreline. Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS 4.0) was used to estimate the rate of shoreline changes in terms of five statistical variables; SCE (Shoreline Change Envelope), NSM (Net Shoreline Movement), EPR(End Point Rate), LRR (Linear Regression Rate), and LMS (Least Median of Squares). The shoreline in Jinwoodo varied differently from one place to another during the last three decades; the west tail has advanced (i.e., seaward or southward), the west part has regressed, the south part has advanced, and the east part has regressed. After the 2000s, the rate of shoreline changes (-2.5~6.7 m/yr) increased and the east advanced. The shoreline in Shinjado shows a counterclockwise movement; the west part has advanced, but the east part has retreated. Since Shinjado was built in its present form, the west part became stable, but the east part has regressed faster. The rate of shoreline changes (-16.0~12.0 m/yr) in Shinjado is greater than that of Jinwoodo. The shoreline in Doyodeung has advanced at a rate of 31.5 m/yr. Since Doyodeung was built in its present form, the south part has regressed at the rate of -18.2 m/yr, but the east and west parts have advanced at the rate of 13.5~14.3 m/yr. Based on Digital Shoreline Analysis, shoreline changes in the barrier islands in the Nakdong River Estuary have varied both temporally and spatially, although the exact reason for the shoreline changes requires more investigation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.373-378
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• 2013

Objective : We present our experience of conventional posterior approach without fat lateral approach for ventral foramen magnum (FM) meningioma (FM meningioma) and tried to evaluate the approach is applicable to ventral FM meningioma. Methods : From January 1999 to March 2011, 11 patients with a ventral FM meningioma underwent a conventional posterior approach without further extension of lateral bony window. The tumor was removed through a working space between the dura and arachnoid membrane at the cervicomedullary junction with minimal retraction of medulla, spinal cord or cerebellum. Care should be taken not to violate arachnoid membrane. Results : Preoperatively, six patients were of Nurick grade 1, three were of grade 2, and two were of grade 3. Median follow-up period was 55 months (range, 20-163 months). The extent of resection was Simpson grade I in one case and Simpson grade II in remaining 10 cases. Clinical symptoms improved in eight patients and stable in three patients. There were no recurrences during the follow-up period. Postoperative morbidities included one pseudomeningocele and one transient dysphagia with dysarthria. Conclusion : Ventral FM meningiomas can be removed gross totally using a posterior approach without fat lateral approach. The arachnoid membrane can then be exploited as an anatomical barrier. However, this approach should be taken with a thorough understanding of its anatomical limitation.