• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.385-388
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• 2016

A 2-year-old, castrated male Chihuahua dog was referred for revision surgery for reluxation of the patella following surgery for medial patellar luxation (MPL) of the left stifle joint. On general inspection, the patient showed bilateral hindlimb weight-bearing lameness. On physical examination, bilateral non-reducible MPL was detected through palpation. Radiographs revealed bone deformities of both hindlimbs. Computed tomography (CT) was applied for a three-dimensional (3D) printing bone model to establish an accurate surgical plan. The bone plate was pre-contoured over the 3D-printing bone model after execution of corrective osteotomy and sterilized prior to use in surgery. Corrective osteotomy was performed through a staged, bilateral procedure. The patient showed improvement of limb function following surgery without reluxation of the patella. The use of 3D-printing bone model for accurate surgical planning of corrective osteotomy appears to be effective in increasing the accuracy of surgery. That may lead to successful surgical outcomes.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.301-305
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• 2019

Wii^® balance board (WBB, Nintendo, Japan) is a device that can measure and record the center of pressure path length (CPPL) and 95% confidence ellipse area (Area 95) in relation to body sway. For evaluating measure of improvement after reconstruction of medial patellar luxation (MPL) in small sized dogs, A total of 6 dogs with limping and lameness gait attributed to Grade II, III or IV MPL were evaluated. Dogs were measured for difference of extension and flexion range of motion in the stifle (dROM), muscle mass, lameness, willingness to bear weight on the affected limb while standing, and willingness to lift the contralateral limb scores, CPPL and Area 95 of WBB on pre-surgery, post-surgery 4, 8 weeks. CPPL was significantly different on pre-surgery compared with post-surgery 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Except for CPPL, measured variables were significantly different on pre-surgery compared with post-surgery 4 and post-surgery 8 weeks (p < 0.01).

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.295-299
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• 2016

A 2-year-old, 1.94 kg spayed female Toy Poodle was referred for revision surgery for patellar reluxation following surgery for bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL). Intermittent non-weight-bearing lameness of the right hindlimb and weight-bearing lameness of the left hindlimb were evident on general inspection. A physical examination revealed that there was a bilateral grade 4 MPL. On radiographs, the medial and lateral trochlear ridge was bilaterally worn out. Patellar groove replacement (PGR) was performed in two stages to replace the bilateral femoral trochlea that had a severely worn out groove. Corrective femoral osteotomy with increasing anteversion angle, tibial tuberosity transposition, medial releasing, lateral imbrications and PGR were performed on the right hindlimb. Six months after surgery on the right hindlimb, a PGR prosthesis was positioned medially on the frontal plane and tibial tuberosity transposition and lateral imbrications were performed on the left hindlimb. Two weeks after surgery, reluxation of the patella occurred on the left hindlimb. The tibial tuberosity transposition was performed to realign the patella more laterally than the previous surgery, and a patellar sling was applied. Two years after the last surgery, the patient showed no pain on the stifle joint and satisfactory weight-bearing ambulation. Reluxation did not recur. PGR maybe a successful treatment for dogs with iatrogenically damaged and/or worn out patellar grooves.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.230-234
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• 1999

Canine medial patellar luxation can cause hindlimb lameness in toy breeds and surgical operation needs when the lameness does not improve or worsen. In this study, the 2 dogs that showed postoperative non-weight bearing lameness were treated with electroacupuncture (EA) and the effects of postoperative EA were examined. Xue Hai (Sea of Blood), Du Bi (calf's nose, 2 acupoint), Zu San Li (leg 3 miles) acupoints were used in acupuncture. Xue Hai acupoint was connected to positive pole and Zu San Li was negative for 20 min with 2~5 volt, 5~30 Hz in EA. In case 1, EA were performed eight times for 26 days after 29th postoperative day and walking was improved from 6th EA. In case 2, EA were conducted five times for 17 day after 26th postoperative day and walking was improved from 4th EA. It may be possible to improve walking by EA treatment in the dogs that show post-operative non-weight bearing lameness, but the relationship between the effects of EA and the injury of stifle joint should be inspected.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2018

In 22 dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL) of grade 3 or lower, resection of the vastus medialis oblique muscle, patellar anti-rotational suture, fascia lata overlap, and tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) were undertaken to stabilize the patella without trochleoplasty. Data including signalment, clinical symptoms, details of the affected hindlimb, preoperative and postoperative patellar luxation grades, postoperative recovery time, and postoperative complications were obtained from medical records. The grade of lameness was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. Mean (${\pm}SEM$) grade of medial patellar luxation was $2.64{\pm}0.11$ preoperatively and $0.2{\pm}0.27$ postoperatively. Mean (${\pm}SEM$) grade of lameness was $1.73{\pm}0.27$ preoperatively and $0.18{\pm}0.15$ postoperatively. Patellar reluxation occurred in 1 of 22 (4.5%) cases requiring additional surgery. At final follow-up, 2 of the 22 (9.0%) dogs, including one with reluxation, had occasional lameness. Client-based questionnaire results demonstrated significant improvements in all parameters. Surgical treatment of MPL that included resection of the vastus medialis oblique without femoral trochlear groove deepening improved surgical outcomes in dogs with up to grade 3 MPL.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.98-100
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• 2015

10살령의 2 kg의 암컷 치와와가 다리를 딛지 못하는 전지파행으로 내원하였다. 촉진시 대결절은 정상 위치 보다 내측에서 촉진되었고 염발음이 간헐적으로 들렸다. 방사선학적 검사에서 좌측 내측 견갑상완 관절 탈구로 진단되었다. 또한, 양측성으로 3기의 내측 슬개골 탈구도 관찰되었다. 외과적으로, 내측 견관절 탈구를 상완이두건 전위술로 정복하였다. 환견은 수술 6주째 정상 보행이었고 다리를 딛게 되었다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.67.1-67.11
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• 2020

Background: Tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) causes caudalization of the patellar ligament insertion in canine medial patellar luxation, which can lead to increases in patellofemoral contact pressure. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of patellofemoral contact mechanics after craniolateral and caudolateral transposition of tibial tuberosity in normal canine hindlimbs. Methods: Craniolateral and caudolateral transposition of tibial tuberosity was performed in 5 specimens, respectively. The pressure was measured in the specimen before TTT, and then in the same specimen after TTT. In this process, data was obtained in 10 specimens. The measurement results were output as visualization data through the manufacturer's software and numerical data through spreadsheet. Based on these 2 data and the anatomical structure of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) surface, whole measurement area was analysed by dividing into medial, lateral and central area. Results: In craniolateralization of tibial tuberosity, total, medial, central contact pressure was decreased and lateral contact pressure was not statistically changed lateral contact pressure than normal PFJ. In caudolateralization of tibial tuberosity, total, lateral contact pressure was increased and medial contact pressure was not statistically changed than normal PFJ. Although not statistically significant changed, central contact pressure in caudolateralization of tibial tuberosity was increased in all 5 specimens. Conclusions: These results imply that traditional TTT, prone to caudal shift of patellar tendon, can increase retropatellar pressure may lead to various complications and diseases of the stifle joint.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.69.1-69.11
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• 2020

Background: An inappropriate Q angle may affect the biomechanics of the canine patellofemoral joint. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of changes in quadriceps angle (Q angle) on patellofemoral joint pressure distribution in dogs. Methods: Eight stifles were positioned at 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120° of flexion in vitro, and 30% body weight was applied through the quadriceps. Patellofemoral contact pressure distribution was mapped and quantified using pressure-sensitive film. For the pressure area, mean pressure, peak pressure, medial peak pressure, and lateral peak pressure, differences between groups according to conditions for changing the Q angle were statistically compared. Results: Increases of 10° of the Q angle result in increases in the pressure area (P = 0.04), mean pressure (P = 0.003), peak pressure, and medial peak pressure (P ≤ 0.01). Increasing the Q angle by 20° increases the pressure area (P = 0.021), mean pressure (P ≤ 0.001), peak pressure (P ≤ 0.01), and medial peak pressure (P ≤ 0.01) significantly, and shows higher mean (P ≤ 0.001) and peak pressures than increasing by 10°. Decreasing the Q angle increases the mean pressure (P = 0.013), peak pressure, and lateral peak pressure (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Both increases and decreases in the Q angle were associated with increased peak patellofemoral pressure, which could contribute to the overloading of the cartilage. Therefore, the abnormal Q angle should be corrected to the physiologically normal value during patellar luxation repair and overcorrection should be avoided.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.936-945
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the best surgical technique for normal stifle mobility by comparison with clinical signs and histopathological changes of articular cartilage after femoral trochleoplasty, trochlear chondroplasty and trochlear wedge recession. Twelve small mixed dogs who had grade I or II medial patellar luxation were used. The days that the dog had partial and full weight bearing were checked and histopathological changes 49 and 90 days after surgery were observed. The dogs had partial weight bearing in 3~6 days postoperatively and full weight bearing in 20~24 days. After femoral trochlepoplasty, the articular surface was irregular and rough, but smooth after trochlear chondroplasty and trochlear wedge recession. Histopathologic examination performed on the 49th and 90th days after femoral trochleoplasty revealed that articular surface was occupied by fibrocartilage but the hyaline cartilages are preserved after trochlear chondroplasty and trochlear wedge recession. In trochlear wedge recession, the wedges of all cases were firmly attached to underlying subchondral bone which were indicating complete healing. The results of this study suggested that the trochlear wedge recession was the best chondroplasty for correcting patellar luxation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.297-300
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• 2020

Lameness is a variation of normal gait in an animal, and it means that one or more limbs cannot be used correctly to allow the animal to walk. In the usual context, the incidence of hindlimb lameness in dogs is most likely the result of trauma, joint diseases, and/or congenital diseases. Generally speaking, the factors influencing hindlimb lameness include the animal's specific breed, size, weight, and whether it engages in frequent or strenuous activities. Many studies have investigated the incidence of lameness of large breed dogs, as compared to small breed dogs. Considering that many domestic dogs are small breeds, the lameness of small breed dogs with a high population in Korea was evaluated. The major causes of hindlimb lameness were found to be joint, musculoskeletal, and neurological abnormalities and the most were identified as joint diseases. Among the joint diseases, it was noted that a patellar luxation was the most common, of which the grade 3 medial patellar luxation was the highest rated type of joint disease noted.