• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.10
• /
• pp.1103-1108
• /
• 2009

Purpose: Recently, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been increasingly used in children. Studies have shown that 34% of adults and 11% of children use CAM in the USA and Canada. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and patterns of CAM use in elementary children in Korea. Methods:From July to August 2007, parents of elementary children completed a questionnaire survey at Gwang-ju. In all, 794 questionnaires were analyzed. Results:Of the 794 respondents, 278 answered that their pupils (35%) had experienced CAM. The following types of CAM therapy were used: herbal medicine, 62.5% dietary supplements, 31.2% vitamins, 30.2% and acupuncture, 11.1%. CAM therapies were used for the following diseases: nutritional deficiency, 33.3% atopic dermatitis, 31.3% arthralgia, 31.3% allergic rhinitis, 28.8% obesity, 26.3% and asthma. The following were the motives to use CAM: prevention of diseases (33.5%), dissatisfaction with modern medicine (21.2%), and complementary therapy to modern medicine (20.5%). People gained information about CAM through neighbors (65%) and mass media (21%). Moreover, 83 parents (30%) were satisfied with CAM because of its effectiveness. Conclusion:Many parents have advocated the use of CAM in their children. However, most of them used CAM without any prescription or adequate knowledge. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of CAM.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1973

Although numerous drugs are available for the treatment of superficial fungi infections of skin, the clinical effects of the majority of such drugs are not satisfactory. In the hope of searching the effective drugs for superficial fungi infections, authors studied whether Veratrum rhizoma extracts had any effect on fungi, with water extract (VRWE), ethanol extract (VREE) and methanol extract (VRME) from Veratrum album L. var. grandiflorum Max. In in vitro studies, the spores of fungi were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained three extracts of Veratrun rhizoma in each concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and the growth of the fungi were observed for 3 weeks. The species of the fungi used in these experiments were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum nanum, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum cookei, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans were slightly inhibited by VRWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and with VRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, the growth of E. floccosum, M. gypseum and T. rubrum were slightly inhibited, moderate inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans were showed by VRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2. With $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ of VREE, the inhibition on growth of E. floccosum, M. nanum and M. gypseum were slight, however significant inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were observed. The growth of M. nanum and M. gypseum were moderately inhibited, and significant inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were observed by VREE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. By VREE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, the growth of all tested fungi were significantly inhibited except T. verrucosuia being showed slight inhibition. 3. Significant inhibition on the growth of M. canis, T, mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were noted, and moderate inhibition of M. nanum, slight inhibition of E. floccosum and M. gypseum in growth were observed by VRME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. cookei, T. mentsgrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were significantly inhibited by VRME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and that of M. gypseum was moderate. With $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of VRME, significant inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. cookei, T mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were observed, and T. verrucosum was showed only slight inhibition. From the above results, it was found that the extracts of organic solvents from Veratrum rhizoma (VREE & VRME) exerted significant antifungal activity, and their effects were probably derived from the pharmacological action of steroidal alkaloids.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 1973

The majority of drugs used in the treatment of superficial fungal infections has limited values due to its low efficacy or development of resistance. For the purpose of searching efficacious agent on the superficial fungal infections induced by dermatophytes which is regarded as the most malicious one, authors examined whether Chinae Rhizoma Extracts have significant on it. Extracts from Smilax china Linne used for the study are water extract (CRWE), ethanol extract (CREE) and methanol extract (CRME). In in vitro studies, the spores of the dermatophytes were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained three extracts of Chinae Rhizoma in each concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and also $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of salicylic acid and undecylenic acid $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ as comparable drugs. The growth of the dermatophytes were observed for 3 weeks. The species of the dermatophytes used in this experiment were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum nanum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum distributed from The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Belgium. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were slightly inhibited in CRWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and only slight inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis and M. gypseum were observed in CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2. Complete inhibition of T. rubrum, moderate inhibition of M. nanum & T. tonsurans, and slight inhibition of E. floccosunl, M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes in growth were observed in concentration of CREE $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of M. gypseum was slightly inhibited, moderate inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes, and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. nanum, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observeed by CREE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. With $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of CREE, the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed slight inhibition. 3. In CRME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum, moderate inhibition of M. gypseum and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. The growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed moderate inhibition in both CRME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRME $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 4. In $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of undecylenic acid, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum and complete inhibition of E, floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. From the above results, it was found that Chinas Rhizoma Alcoholic Extracts(CREE & CRME) exerted significant antifungal activity, and their effects were probably derived from the pharmacological actions of triterpenoidal saponin and steroidal saponin.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.10
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2006

This thesis aims to recall the importance of language in comics by studying comic strips in Korean daily newspapers: the comic strips are analyzed for rhetorical puns in its language text as they representatively show the value and role of language in comics. Moreover, Korean comic strips, as they developed into current affairs comics, acquired a stronger media characteristic of communicating information compared to other genres of cartoons. As a result, comics strips have become a genre where language plays an important role and the words needing to be able to convey the meaning quickly and implicitly. Due to tight control of national authority, the language technique developed into an indirect expression rather than a stronger direct imaging technique. The political oppression of the comic strip paradoxically brought on the rhetorical development in the creative techniques. Based on this analysis, the writer studied the rhetorical puns of the texts Korean comic strips by implementing the classification techniques of rhetoric expressions. As a result, through quotes and analysis of actual comic strips, the writer confirmed that Korean comic strips do actually show tremendously vast rhetorical puns in its language application techniques. The writer was also able to conclude that the rhetorical puns in comics were the force entertaining and impressing the readers, and also acting as the creative principle. Concluding this study, the writer emphasizes that language, not only in comic strips, is a combination of words and images and is also an important factor in all cartoons in general. Thus the thesis proposes that the training of humanistic thoughts and linguistic sensitivity are as important as learning to draw in the creation of cartoons.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.42
• /
• pp.315-335
• /
• 2016

Culture is being created and consumed as several form by human development. Populace is forming through movement of mass of people to specific place which influenced by urbanization and industrialization. Since cultural products are created on base of economic principles cultural content makers are make culture products after lot of study and analyze. In early days popular culture was accepted only by the meaning of the text which has settled already via country or company which was holding the capital. But today we can apply culture products freely by the power of public opinion and media art's growth. Especially fandom is giving the opportunity to consume the image of cultural products actively and offering the good influence to make it by several ways of activities to the culture producers. In this study, consumption as a cultural group formed by the fandom in public will be transformed into participatory groups by the influence of cultural activities with fan art reproduction. These changes in the consumption of culture products will make it in positive way. Thereby culture creator who thinks fandom as a group of culture capital maker only use it now for the indicator for predicting success of culture products. Will find out in this study how culture consumption is accomplishing by fan fiction and fan illustration in the fandom culture and how reproduced fan art is affects to culture creators.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.17
• /
• pp.53-67
• /
• 2009

According to the changes of current regulation of media, the broadcasting environment has been loosened by market power, and came into competitive era for broadcasting industry with new technology of combined broadcasting and communication. To resolve these issues, the broadcasting provides are trying process of new channel brand identity to introduce their channels. The purpose of the research is to analyze Spot animation that has fast access to viewers among channel brand identity factors, review expandability and usage of Spot animation character to plan, manage character that can improve awareness and loyalty. Therefore it will study creation background and production, activities of each character representing KBS and MBC, compare the structure, color, material, expression of Spot animation character and summarize properties. To conclusion, three characters of KBS and MBC failed to apply structured and professional plan and management, only expressed image that each channel pursue on Station ID Spot animation and had issues of not deeply sighting expandability and usefulness as a character. The important factor to improve channel brand value of broadcasting provider is to have differentiated identity, and the core of it is to make image-responsible Station ID to be effective. Therefore, Spot animation and character of Station ID is a very important factor so there must be professional research and structural management from the early planning and production for character that represents the providers.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.17
• /
• pp.83-95
• /
• 2009

As an exploratory research on China's animation, this study aims to enhance an understanding of the trends and characteristics of China's animation through examining its history and to forecast its future development trajectory. From its founding to recent period, China tried to maintain Communist political system through imbuing national identity to its people through management and supervision of media products under direct government's leadership in combination with ideological education. Such policy was also implemented in animation, major audience of which is children. With regard to the introduction of the policy and its influence, five historical phases could be identified as follows. During the first phase, from the founding of the Republic until the Cultural Revolution, national culture was introduced to China's animation. The second phase, which corresponds with the Cultural Revolution period, marks the decline of national culture. National culture was reemphasized during the third phase that follows the Cultural Revolution, which led to the nomination of the 'China school,' followed by the fourth phase, during which China's animation suffered the second decline due to the spread of TVs and foreign animation imports. Reintroduction of national culture on China's animation in the context of rapid industrialization process before and after 2000 characterizes the recent phase. It can be expected that although there could be some change in methods and forms, China's animation, which introduced national culture from its inception and maintained remarkable resilience following the period of decline, will continuously stress the its own national cultural identity.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.50
• /
• pp.215-237
• /
• 2018

I analyze orange that is consistently used, even though not consciously, in the films whose function and meaning are clear. In detail, there are examples of color in films, psychological phenomena of colors expressed in posters and opening titles, color characteristics of clothes and costumes, and semiotic analysis of color names in film titles. (1) Fact and Truth; civilization and criticism. The film tries to tell the truth than the fact. It represents facts as it is, but it presupposes truth. This is a unique characteristic of media films. The truth of the fact is not important. The film tells the truth believing and wanting to show off. The film, which has inherent characteristics of the gap between fact and truth, represents nature and civilization. It carries nature as it is and criticizes the harm of civilization. Orange is nature and civilization. Realistic films such as Hong Sang Soo and Kim Ki Duk, fall into this category. For example, there are A Taxi Driver(2017) and I Can Speak(2017). (2) Virtual History; fake images and memories. In Hollywood SF genres like The Matrix(1999), orange was dealt with virtual reality. However, in Korean films they are replaced by historical dramas. The representation of history becomes a virtual reality. Films such as The Fortress(2017), Masquerade(2012), and Roaring Currents(2014) deal with virtual history. In these films, orange is a fake image and memory. (3) Light=color; Aura. The color and light of orange is aura. At sunrise and sunset, the orange of the incandescent light is almost similar to that of the artificial light. Orange of tungsten makes the real characters surrealistic and mysterious. For example, there are The City of Madness(2016), The Man from Nowhere(2010), and Coinlocker Girl(2014). (4) Fantasy; communication with other worlds. Orange is a sweet fantasy. In our daily life, we go to a supermarket, share a chat with friends in a coffee shop, and spend time in front of a television. Orange makes our life free and dreams. It is the communication between the former being and the other world. This can be found in the sexual fantasy scenes of all genres. For example, there are Sunny(2011), Welcome To Dongmakgol(2005), and 200 Pounds Beauty(2006).

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.50
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2018

This study investigated realism sceneries shown in animation movies of auteurism. Although animation has properties of mechanical images arranged by short cuts, it essentially starts with the images dealing with space art based on the consciousness of an author. In this aspect, sceneries of animation movies can be the most proper subject for study from the viewpoint of image. Generally, sceneries of animation movies maintain the neutral position as a stage setting for story. However, as for auteurism animation, the sceneries have subjective meaning as major media to express the work or the vision and value of the author on the world. The representative animation movies that reflect the role and meaning of realism sceneries among auteurism animations are and . The former shows Korean sceneries and the latter presents local sceneries of Japan quite well. Reviewing the characteristics of sceneries shown in two movies, the sceneries of are the discovery of internal consciousness of the author that signifies pure innocence of childhood into the voice of nature through the style of the author. Meanwhile, sceneries of adopted nature landscape surrealistically based on the internal consciousness of the author and described the forest as the absolute utopia of the author. As such, the sceneries shown in two movies were utilized as the "framework of thought" of the authors that intensify the viewpoint of the movies on the world through empirical interpretation and detailed description of neutral landscape based on internal consciousness of the authors.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.1 no.1 s.1
• /
• pp.69-79
• /
• 1986

This studies were carried out to investigate the high infection sites from various specimens, cultural isolation on the susceptible media and specific antibody titres of M. pulmonis in experimental 310 mice and 330 rats obtained from two breeding facilities. Efficiency of complement faxation test (CF test) for detection of M. pulmonis antibody in mice and rats were compared directly with the diagnostic cultural isolation method. 1. Isolation rates of M. pulmonis among infection sites were about 30% from the oral cavities and $40\%$ from the middle ear of mice. The rates were $100\%$from the nasal cavaties and $90\%$ from the oral cavities of rats. 2. The infection rates were $12\%$ to A group and $16\%$ to B group of mice. The rates in the rats were $55\%$ to A group and $70\%$ to B group. 3. The M. pulmonis antibody titres by CF test were $73\%$ of total 100 mice in serum dilution below 1:5 (< 1:5), and $24\%$ of total samples in antibody titres above 1:5 (> 1:5), but 3 samples were not showed anticomplementary activities. The antibody titres in rats were $35\%$ of 120 rats in below 1:5 (< 1:5), and $61\%$ of total samples in above 1:5 (> 1:5), but the remained were not showed anticomplementary activities.