• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2012

최근 전자 제품의 소형화, 박형화 및 집적화에 따라 칩과 기판을 연결하는 범프의 미세화가 요구되고 있다. 그러나 범프의 미세화는 직경 감소와 UBM의 단면적 감소로 인하여 전류 밀도를 증가시켜 전기적 단락을 야기할 수 있다. 특히 범프에서 형성되는 금속간화합물과 KV의 형성은 전기적 및 기계적 특성에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 유한요소해석을 이용하여 플립칩 범프의 열변형을 분석하였다. 우선 TCT의 온도조건을 통하여 플립칩 패키지의 열변형 특성을 분석한 결과, 범프의 열 변형이 시스템의 구동에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다. 그리고 범프의 열변형 특성에 큰 영향을 미칠 것을 생각되는 IMC층의 두께와 범프의 직경을 변수로 선정하여 온도변화, 열응력 및 열변형에 대한 해석을 수행하였으며, 이를 통하여 IMC층이 범프에 영향을 미치는 원인에 대한 분석을 수행하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.203-214
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• 2005

In the Part 1 paper (Gawin, et al. 2005) some experimental results concerning micro-structural tests, permeability measurements and stress-strain tests of four types of High Performance Concrete, exposed to elevated temperatures (up to $700^{\circ}C$) are presented and discussed. On the basis of these experimental results parameters of the constitutive relationships describing influence of damage and temperature upon material intrinsic permeability at high temperature were determined. In this paper the effects of various formulations of damage-permeability coupling on results of computer simulations are analysed and compared with the results obtained by means of the previously proposed approach, that does not take into account the thermo-chemical concrete damage directly. Numerical solutions are obtained using the recently developed fully coupled model of hygro-thermal and damage phenomena in concrete at elevated temperatures. High temperature effects are considered by means of temperature and pressure dependence of several material parameters. Based on the mathematical model, the computer code HITECOSP was developed. Material parameters of the model were measured by several European laboratories, which participated in the "HITECO" research project. A model problem, concerning hygro-thermal behaviour and degradation of a HPC structure during fire, is solved. The influence of two different constitutive descriptions of the concrete permeability changes at high temperature, including thermo-chemical and mechanical damage effects, upon the results of computer simulations is analysed and discussed.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.328-336
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• 2020

In the Francis turbine, the leakage flow through the runner gaps which are between the runner and the stator structure influences the internal flow and hydraulic performance. Thus, the investigation for the flow characteristics induced by the runner gaps is important. However, the runner gaps are often disregarded by considering the time and cost of the numerical analysis. Therefore, in this study, the flow characteristics according to runner gaps of the Francis turbine model were investigated including the leakage flow of the runner cone. The three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analyses were conducted using a scale-adaptive simulation shear stress transport as a turbulence model for observing the influence of the leakage flow on the internal flow and hydraulic performance. The efficiencies were decreased slightly with runner gaps; and the complicated flows were captured in the gaps.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 유전자 알고리즘을 이용한 복합재 로터 블레이드 단면 구조 최적설계방법에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 반복적인 최적설계 계산을 위해 자동격자생성 프로그램을 개발하였으며, VABS를 이용해 로터 블레이드 단면에 대한 응력해석을 수행하였다. 로터 블레이드 최소질량을 목적함수로 정의하였으며, 응력 파손지수와 단면 질량중심 그리고 단위 길이 당 블레이드 최소질량을 구속조건으로 설정하였다. 최종적으로 본 논문의 복합재 로터 블레이드 단면 구조 최적설계방법을 통해서 스킨 적층각 및 스킨 두께 그리고 토션박스 두께, 토션박스 위치, 토션박스 폭과 같은 블레이드 단면 설계변수들이 결정되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.391-399
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• 2004

Distraction osteogenesis has been thought to be promising technique for replacing bone graft in maxilla and mandible. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of osteonectin on distraction osteogenesis. Sixteen rabbits were used for this experiment. Osteotomy was performed between premolar and mental foramen. On the experimental group, distraction device was connected to the respective bone segments. On the control group, bone segments were fixed using plate and screws after osteotomy. Distraction was carried out at the rate of 0.7mm per day to obtain a 4.9mm elongation on the experimental group. After 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days two rabbits of each group were sacrificed. The results obtained from this study were as follow : Experimental group was observed that the gaps between the distracted bone edges were occupied by new bone. Expression of Osteonectin were detected throughout the experiment in both groups and Expression of Osteonectin were markedly increased during distraction and consolidation period in experimental group than control group. From these results, it could be stated that distraction was shown to improve and accelerate bone formation and mechanical stress like distraction has considerable effects on osteonectin.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Recently, research and commercialization related to the field of cell-based therapeutic drug development has been actively conducted. In order to maintain cell viability and prevent contamination, refrigeration preservation devices, such as CRF (controlled rate freezer) or vapor type LN2 tanks have been developed. On the other hand, the storage container for liquid nitrogen tanks currently on sale minimizes the flow structure to prevent structural defects when stored in a liquid nitrogen tank having a high thermal conductivity than vapor nitrogen. If the cell-based treatment drug is stored in the gaseous LN2 tank as it is, the cell survival after thawing is greatly reduced. It was estimated that the existing storage container structure was a factor that prevented the rapid entry and circulation of gaseous nitrogen into the container. Therefore, this study intends to propose a new supercellular storage container model that can maintain the mechanical strength while maximizing the fluid flow structure. To this end, we estimated that the structural change of the storage container effects on the equivalent stress formed around the through-holes of them when exposed to a cryogenic environment using thermal-structural coupled field analysis. As a result of storage experiments in the gas phase tank of the cell-based therapeutic agent using the developed storage container, it was confirmed that the cell growth rate was improved from 66% to 77%, which satisfied the transportation standards of the FDA(Food and Drug Administration) cell-based therapeutic agent.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제68권3호
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• pp.299-312
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• 2018

In this paper, an extended finite element method is proposed to analyze both geometric and material non-linear behavior of general Functionally Graded Material (FGM) plate-shell type structures. A user defined subroutine (UMAT) is developed and implemented in Abaqus/Standard to study the elastoplastic behavior of the ceramic particle-reinforced metal-matrix FGM plates-shells. The standard quadrilateral 4-nodes shell element with three rotational and three translational degrees of freedom per node, S4, is extended in the present study, to deal with elasto-plastic analysis of geometrically non-linear FGM plate-shell structures. The elastoplastic material properties are assumed to vary smoothly through the thickness of the plate-shell type structures. The nonlinear approach is based on Mori-Tanaka model to underline micromechanics and locally determine the effective FGM properties and self-consistent method of Suquet for the homogenization of the stress-field. The elasto-plastic behavior of the ceramic/metal FGM is assumed to follow Ludwik hardening law. An incremental formulation of the elasto-plastic constitutive relation is developed to predict the tangent operator. In order to to highlight the effectiveness and the accuracy of the present finite element procedure, numerical examples of geometrically non-linear elastoplastic functionally graded plates and shells are presented. The effects of the geometrical parameters and the volume fraction index on nonlinear responses are performed.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.495-503
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• 2014

This paper focuses on the dynamic responses of a tracked vehicle crawling on extremely cohesive soft soil, each side of which is composed of two parallel tracks. The tracked vehicle consisted of 2 bodies. One body is the tracked vehicle body, which is assumed to be a rigid body with 6 DOFs. The other body is the buoy body. The two bodies are connected by a revolute joint. In order to evaluate the travelling performance of a 7 DOFs vehicle, a dynamic analysis program for the tracked vehicle was developed using Newmark's method and the incremental-iterative method. The effects of road wheels on the track and soil are not taken into account. A terra-mechanics model of extremely cohesive soft soil is implemented in form of relationships: normal pressure to sinkage, shear resistance to shear displacement, and dynamic sinkage to shear displacement. Pressure-sinkage relationship and shear displacement-stress relationship should represent the non-linear characteristics of extremely soft soil. Especially, since the shear resistance of soft soil is very sensitive to shear displacement, spatial distribution of shear displacement occurring at the contact area of the tracks should be calculated precisely. The proposed program is developed in FORTRAN.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2009년도 제33회 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.421-425
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• 2009

재생냉각형 액체로켓 연소기 챔버에서 열차폐 코팅이 미치는 열/구조적인 영향에 대하여 유한요소 해석을 통하여 고찰하였다. 열차폐 코팅은 현재 개발하고 있는 연소기에 사용되는 NiCrAlY-$ZrO_2$과 향후 적용할 가능성이 있는 Ni-Cr 두 종류를 적용하였다. 열/구조해석 결과 NiCrAlY-$ZrO_2$ 코팅이 Ni-Cr 코팅에 비하여 열차폐에 의한 온도감소 효과가 크게 나타났다. 결과적으로 냉각채널의 온도와 변형 또한 NiCrAlY-$ZrO_2$ 코팅을 적용하였을 때 Ni-Cr 코팅보다 감소하였다. 외측구조물의 구조안정성에 있어서 Ni-Cr 코팅이 미치는 영향은 없었으나, NiCrAlY-$ZrO_2$ 코팅은 외측구조물의 유효응력을 감소시켜 챔버의 구조안정성을 증가시켰다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2008

본 논문은 블루투스 모듈의 구조 및 솔더접합부에 대한 신뢰성 평가에 국한된 기존의 방법을 확장하여 정량적인 신뢰성 평가를 수행한 결과를 나타낸다. Field 환경조건에서의 정량적인 신뢰성 평가를 위해, 온도 싸이클링(temperature/thermal cycling)에서의 온도차를 가속스트레스로 선정하여 가속수명시험을 실시하였다. 가속수명시험을 통해 구한 고장시간 데이터들을 이용하여 수명분포 매개변수들을 추정하고 코핀-만슨(Coffin-Manson) 모델을 이용하였다. 가속수명시험을 수행한 결과, 블루투스 모듈의 고장모드는 Open, 고장메커니즘은 크랙(Crack)과 박리(Delamination)였다. Field에서 수거한 고장품들의 고장모드와 고장메커니즘이 가속수명시험을 통해 재현되었다. 또한 본 논문에서 블루투스 모듈이 Field에서 받을 수 있는 온도 싸이클링에서의 다양한 온도차에 대한 정량적인 수명을 예측할 수 있는 방법이 제시되었다. 제안된 방법을 이용하여 온도차 $70^{\circ}C$를 받고 있는 블루투스 모듈의 $B_{10}$ 수명은 약 4년으로 추정되었다.